Coralville
Population 23,960 (2025)
128 tornadoes have tracked within 25 miles of Coralville since 1950, 5 of them rated EF3 or F3 or stronger; the most recent was on June 25, 2024.
Hazard fingerprint Each spoke is this county’s percentile among U.S. counties where that hazard occurs. How it is computed
- Tornado damage paths within 25 miles since 1950128
- Major flood years since 1978, Johnson County3
At a glance
Tornado paths within 25 miles, tropical cyclone tracks within 100 miles and wildfire perimeters within 25 miles of the city centre. Storm events, flood insurance claims and disaster declarations are for Johnson County. Earthquakes within 50 miles, volcanoes within 100 miles and smoke days are measured from the city centre; river and tide gauges, tsunami and landslide records and the drought index are for Johnson County.
Strongest tornado
F4
June 7, 1984, 134.0 mile path
Tornadoes
About 2 tornados a year since 1950, 5 of them rated F3/EF3 or stronger.
Strongest
June 7, 1984
F4, 134.0 mile path
250 yards wide; 3 killed along the whole path.
Most recent
Tuesday, June 25, 2024
EF0, 0.5 mile path
2 years ago.
Every recorded tornado
| Jun 25, 2024 | EF0 | 0.5 | 0 | 0 |
| May 24, 2024 | EFU | 11.0 | 0 | 0 |
| May 24, 2024 | EF0 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 |
| May 24, 2024 | EF1 | 15.0 | 0 | 0 |
| May 24, 2024 | EF1 | 22.5 | 0 | 0 |
| May 24, 2024 | EF1 | 18.3 | 0 | 0 |
| May 7, 2023 | EF1 | 5.0 | 0 | 0 |
| Mar 31, 2023 | EF2 | 19.6 | 2 | 0 |
| Mar 31, 2023 | EF1 | 5.2 | 0 | 0 |
| Mar 31, 2023 | EF2 | 16.4 | 0 | 0 |
| Mar 31, 2023 | EF2 | 9.0 | 0 | 0 |
| Mar 31, 2023 | EF1 | 8.3 | 0 | 0 |
| Mar 31, 2023 | EF2 | 14.7 | 0 | 0 |
| Mar 31, 2023 | EF2 | 16.9 | 2 | 0 |
| Mar 31, 2023 | EF0 | 6.1 | 0 | 0 |
| Mar 31, 2023 | EF4 | 19.9 | 3 | 0 |
| Jan 16, 2023 | EFU | 0.8 | 0 | 0 |
| Jan 16, 2023 | EF1 | 4.7 | 0 | 0 |
| Apr 7, 2021 | EF0 | 0.7 | 1 | 0 |
| Aug 10, 2020 | EFU | 0.9 | 0 | 0 |
| May 23, 2020 | EF1 | 6.9 | 0 | 0 |
| May 23, 2020 | EF1 | 7.0 | 0 | 0 |
| May 29, 2019 | EF0 | 0.3 | 0 | 0 |
| May 24, 2019 | EF0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0 |
| May 24, 2019 | EF1 | 10.8 | 0 | 0 |
| Sep 25, 2018 | EF0 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 |
| Sep 3, 2018 | EF1 | 2.2 | 0 | 0 |
| Jul 21, 2017 | EF0 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 |
| Jul 11, 2017 | EF1 | 4.6 | 0 | 0 |
| May 17, 2017 | EF1 | 6.0 | 0 | 0 |
| Jul 17, 2016 | EF2 | 4.0 | 4 | 0 |
| Jun 16, 2014 | EF0 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 |
| Apr 27, 2014 | EF0 | 0.5 | 0 | 0 |
| Apr 27, 2014 | EF1 | 45.7 | 0 | 2 |
| Apr 13, 2014 | EF0 | 1.3 | 0 | 0 |
| May 30, 2013 | EF1 | 2.4 | 0 | 0 |
| May 25, 2008 | EF0 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 |
| Apr 25, 2008 | EF2 | 6.5 | 0 | 0 |
| Jun 6, 2006 | F0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0 |
| Apr 13, 2006 | F1 | 0.5 | 0 | 0 |
| Apr 13, 2006 | F1 | 4.8 | 0 | 0 |
| Apr 13, 2006 | F1 | 9.4 | 1 | 1 |
| Apr 13, 2006 | F1 | 5.1 | 0 | 0 |
| Apr 13, 2006 | F2 | 4.5 | 30 | 0 |
| Apr 13, 2006 | F1 | 3.6 | 0 | 0 |
| Apr 2, 2006 | F1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 |
| May 30, 2004 | F1 | 0.2 | 0 | 0 |
| Jul 20, 2003 | F1 | 0.5 | 0 | 0 |
| Jul 20, 2003 | F2 | 0.3 | 0 | 0 |
| Jul 20, 2003 | F2 | 1.0 | 0 | 0 |
| Jul 20, 2003 | F0 | 3.5 | 0 | 0 |
| Jun 12, 2002 | F0 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 |
| Apr 11, 2001 | F0 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 |
| Apr 11, 2001 | F0 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 |
| Apr 11, 2001 | F0 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 |
| Apr 11, 2001 | F0 | 2.0 | 0 | 0 |
| Apr 11, 2001 | F0 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 |
| Apr 11, 2001 | F0 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 |
| Jun 10, 1999 | F0 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 |
| Jun 18, 1998 | F0 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 |
| Jun 18, 1998 | F0 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 |
| May 15, 1998 | F3 | 47.0 | 47 | 0 |
| May 18, 1997 | F1 | 3.2 | 0 | 0 |
| Jul 27, 1995 | F2 | 7.5 | 0 | 0 |
| Jul 27, 1995 | F0 | 0.5 | 0 | 0 |
| May 9, 1995 | F2 | 7.0 | 0 | 0 |
| Sep 12, 1991 | F0 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 |
| Sep 12, 1991 | F2 | 7.0 | 0 | 0 |
| May 29, 1991 | F0 | 0.2 | 0 | 0 |
| May 14, 1991 | F1 | 1.5 | 0 | 0 |
| Apr 27, 1991 | F1 | 2.0 | 0 | 0 |
| Mar 22, 1991 | F2 | 14.0 | 0 | 0 |
| Jul 4, 1990 | F0 | 0.3 | 0 | 0 |
| Mar 8, 1990 | F0 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 |
| Mar 8, 1990 | F1 | 2.5 | 0 | 0 |
| Apr 27, 1989 | F2 | 18.0 | 0 | 0 |
| Apr 26, 1989 | F1 | 6.0 | 0 | 0 |
| Nov 15, 1988 | F1 | 19.0 | 0 | 0 |
| May 8, 1988 | F2 | 7.0 | 0 | 0 |
| May 8, 1988 | F1 | 10.0 | 0 | 0 |
| May 8, 1988 | F1 | 1.5 | 0 | 0 |
| May 8, 1988 | F0 | 1.0 | 0 | 0 |
| May 8, 1988 | F2 | 36.0 | 0 | 0 |
| May 8, 1988 | F2 | 59.0 | 0 | 0 |
| May 8, 1988 | F2 | 71.0 | 0 | 0 |
| Apr 2, 1988 | F1 | 2.5 | 0 | 0 |
| Aug 21, 1987 | F1 | 1.0 | 0 | 0 |
| Aug 18, 1987 | F0 | 0.3 | 0 | 0 |
| May 20, 1987 | F1 | 25.0 | 0 | 0 |
| Sep 22, 1986 | F1 | 0.2 | 0 | 0 |
| Jun 10, 1986 | F1 | 0.2 | 0 | 0 |
| Aug 14, 1985 | F1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 |
| Jun 17, 1984 | F1 | 2.0 | 0 | 0 |
| Jun 7, 1984 | F2 | 24.0 | 1 | 0 |
| Jun 7, 1984 | F4 | 134.0 | 64 | 3 |
| Jul 1, 1983 | F1 | 15.0 | 1 | 0 |
| Jun 29, 1983 | F1 | 31.0 | 0 | 0 |
| Oct 6, 1982 | F0 | 0.3 | 0 | 0 |
| May 20, 1982 | F0 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 |
| May 20, 1982 | F0 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 |
| Jun 17, 1980 | F1 | 0.2 | 0 | 0 |
| Jul 27, 1979 | F0 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 |
| Jul 13, 1979 | F1 | 0.2 | 0 | 0 |
| Aug 15, 1977 | F1 | 0.5 | 0 | 0 |
| Aug 15, 1977 | F1 | 2.0 | 0 | 0 |
| Nov 9, 1975 | F1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 |
| Aug 12, 1975 | F1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 |
| Apr 23, 1975 | F0 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 |
| Jul 22, 1974 | F1 | 1.0 | 0 | 0 |
| Apr 28, 1974 | F2 | 2.3 | 16 | 0 |
| Apr 28, 1974 | F1 | 2.0 | 2 | 0 |
| Apr 21, 1973 | F2 | 13.2 | 6 | 0 |
| Apr 20, 1973 | F1 | 2.0 | 0 | 0 |
| Aug 5, 1972 | F1 | 11.7 | 0 | 0 |
| Jun 5, 1972 | F1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 |
| May 18, 1971 | F1 | 5.1 | 0 | 0 |
| Jun 17, 1970 | F0 | 1.0 | 0 | 0 |
| Oct 14, 1966 | F1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 |
| Oct 14, 1966 | F2 | 5.0 | 0 | 0 |
| May 23, 1966 | F2 | 4.9 | 0 | 0 |
| May 26, 1965 | F2 | 19.8 | 14 | 0 |
| May 26, 1965 | F1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 |
| Apr 23, 1965 | F3 | 47.4 | 1 | 0 |
| May 22, 1962 | F2 | 4.1 | 0 | 1 |
| Apr 30, 1954 | F2 | 65.8 | 0 | 0 |
| Jun 7, 1953 | F2 | 116.0 | 0 | 0 |
| May 20, 1953 | F3 | 38.6 | 7 | 0 |
| Apr 24, 1953 | F1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 |
- Injuries and deaths are for the tornado’s whole path, which may extend beyond this area.
- Weak tornadoes were under-recorded before Doppler radar coverage became national in the early 1990s, so earlier decades read low. Ratings use the Fujita scale before February 2007 and the Enhanced Fujita scale after.
Storm Prediction Center severe weather database, 1950 to 2025.
Hurricanes and tropical storms
No tropical storm or hurricane has tracked within 100 miles since records began in 1851.
Wildfire and smoke
No large wildfire has been mapped within 25 miles since satellite mapping began in 1984.
Smoke overhead
Smokiest year
2023: 71 days
Heavy smoke on 22 days in 2021, the most of any year.
Last 10 years
26.3 days a year
Medium or heavy smoke, 2016 to 2025.
2025
20 days
Medium or heavy smoke. 42 so far in 2026.
- A smoke day is a date on which a smoke plume traced by NOAA Hazard Mapping System analysts from satellite imagery covered this place's point (the county's population centre or the city centre). Counts here are of medium or heavy smoke. Since 2018 analysts have often drawn light smoke as one area over most of the continent, so light-smoke counts are not comparable from year to year. The plumes show smoke anywhere in the air above, not air quality at the ground, and smoke hidden by cloud is missed.
NOAA Hazard Mapping System smoke analysis, 2011 to 2026, retrieved October 30, 2026.
Floods and flood insurance
446 federal flood insurance claims since 1978, with $31.9 million paid.
Flood insurance figures are for Johnson County, the county that contains Coralville.
Most claims in one year
2008: 181 claims
$27.4 million paid.
2nd most
1993: 112 claims
$3.6 million paid.
3rd most
2013: 54 claims
$248,000 paid.
Claims by ZIP code
| 52246 | 130 | $8.2 million |
| 52240 | 114 | $5.6 million |
| 52241 | 112 | $12.7 million |
| 52245 | 49 | $3.1 million |
| 52242 | 19 | $2.1 million |
Flood events since 1996
- Flash Flood50
- Flood25
- Heavy Rain7
This product uses the Federal Emergency Management Agency's OpenFEMA API, but is not endorsed by FEMA. The Federal Government or FEMA cannot vouch for the data or analyses derived from these data after the data have been retrieved from the Agency's website(s).
OpenFEMA NFIP Redacted Claims v3, refreshed August 4, 2026. NOAA Storm Events through 2026.
River crests
River gauges in Johnson County, the county that contains Coralville.
Most severe crest
June 15, 2008
Iowa River at Iowa City, 31.53 ft
8.03 feet above the 23.5 ft flood stage; major flooding by today’s categories.
Most recent moderate or major crest
July 12, 2014
Iowa River at Iowa City, 25.15 ft
Moderate flooding.
River gauges
| Clear Creek (IA) near Coralville | 11.0 | 16.36 ft | 0 |
| Clear Creek (IA) near Oxford | 10.0 | 16.05 ft | 0 |
| Iowa River above Coralville Dam | 712.0 | — | 0 |
| Iowa River at Iowa City | 23.5 | 31.53 ft | 2 |
| Old Mans Creek near Iowa City | 12.0 | 18.61 ft | 0 |
| Rapid Creek (IA) near Iowa City | 9.0 | 15.61 ft | 0 |
| South Branch Ralston Creek at Iowa City | 7.0 | 10.50 ft | 0 |
- Crests are the highest and the recent crests the National Weather Service lists for each river gauge in the county that has a flood stage, not every flood. Flood categories use each gauge's current flood stages; crests from before levees, dams or channel changes may not be comparable. Crests measured on an old datum are left out of the rankings.
NOAA National Water Prediction Service gauge records, retrieved October 30, 2026.
Drought
In severe drought or worse for 174 of 1,581 months since 1895 (11%); the longest spell lasted 34 months.
The drought index is for Johnson County, the county that contains Coralville.
174
Months in severe drought or worse since 1895
86
Months in extreme drought
11%
Share of all months, severe or worse
15
Drought reports to the Weather Service since 1996
Lowest reading
June 1934
−7.36, extreme drought
Longest severe spell
34 months
August 1955 to May 1958.
Latest month
September 2026
+4.04, extremely wet
Last severe month: March 2026.
- The Palmer Drought Severity Index is computed by NOAA each month from the county's average temperature and precipitation, relative to the county's own climate. Zero is normal; -3 or lower is severe drought and -4 or lower extreme drought. It describes the long-term balance of moisture, not water supply or crop losses.
NOAA NCEI nClimDiv county Palmer Drought Severity Index, 1895 to September 2026, issued October 6, 2026.
Earthquakes and landslides
No earthquake of magnitude 2.5 or more is recorded within 50 miles of the city centre in the USGS catalogue, which begins in 1900.
Mapped landslides
Landslides mapped in Johnson County.
1
Landslides mapped, probable or better
1
With a recorded date
1
Source inventory
Mapped by NASA (1).
- Landslides mapped in the USGS compilation of landslide inventories across the United States (version 3.0, 2025), rated probable or better. The compilation joins inventories made by federal and state agencies for different purposes and areas, so the number mapped in a county reflects how closely it has been surveyed as much as how often its slopes fail. An area with few records may simply not have been mapped. Deaths are as recorded in the inventories; a slide listed in two inventories is counted once.
USGS Landslide Inventories across the United States, version 3.0, retrieved October 27, 2026.
Severe weather and other events
902 events in the National Weather Service record for Johnson County, 801 of them since 1996.
139
Hail reports, 1 inch or larger
13
Hail, 2 inches or larger
248
Damaging gusts, 58 mph+
166
Winter weather events since 1996
5
Heat events since 1996
22
Cold events since 1996
Largest hail
May 15, 1968
2.75 inches
Strongest measured or estimated gust
July 14, 1985
96 mph
More event types since 1996
| Lightning | 10 | 0 |
| Dense fog and smoke | 9 | 0 |
Costliest events since 1996
- Jun 1, 2008Flood$230 million
National Weather Service narrative
The record crest on the Iowa River at Iowa City occurred on June 15, 2008 at 31.53 feet. Flood stage is 22 feet. The record crest on the Iowa River at Lone Tree occurred on June 15, 2008 at 23.15 feet. Flood stage is 15 feet. Preliminary damage estimates just to the University of Iowa at Iowa City was at least $230 million. This compares to $6 million in damages during the Great Flood of 1993. Water flowed over the spillway at the Corps of Engineer's Coralville Reservoir for only the third time since the reservoir began operation on September 17, 1958. (The previous two times occurred in the summer of 1993). The result was unprecedented flooding downstream of the reservoir in the…
- May 18, 1997Hail$40.0 million
National Weather Service narrative
A 15 minute "rain" of baseball sized hail caused $30 to $50 million dollars of damage. One insurance agent said "this was the worst storm since 1967." He went on to say; "everyone he insures who has a skylight now has a broken skylight." This included the skylights over the swimming pool in the downtown Iowa City Holliday Inn. The average home claim was $3500 and the average car claim was $2500. The hail caused widespread damage to individuals cars and between 300 and 500 thousand dollars worth of damage to each of four car dealerships interviewed.
- Jun 29, 1998Thunderstorm Wind$30.7 million
National Weather Service narrative
Supercell thunderstorms developed over Central Iowa and rapidly intensified into a long squall line which raced southeast over Eastern Iowa into Central Illinois. Numerous funnel clouds were sited along the leading edge of the storm and a few non-supercell tornadoes were masked within a large area of damaging winds. Straightline winds from 60 to over 120 mph produced the most serious damage with these storms and 8 counties in Eastern Iowa were declaired disaster areas. School-net stations measured winds at 69 mph in Cedar Rapids and 123 mph at Washington. Across the county warning area sustained winds of 70 to 80 mph ripped down trees, power lines, and windmills, and knocked over…
- Apr 13, 2006Tornado$12.0 million
National Weather Service narrative
Rated very high F2 with winds estimated at 155 mph.
- May 15, 1998Tornado$6.0 million
National Weather Service narrative
A tornado developed two miles Southwest of Washington Iowa and produced a 30 mile long continuous path of damage and debris as it moved to the Northeast at nearly 30 mph. The tornado weakened and lifted before reaching I-80 near West Branch Iowa shortly before 6pm. The tornado continued Northeast across Cedar County Iowa producing another 15 miles of isolated damage...not continuous. The storm producing this tornado continued Northeast producing a brief touchdown one mile west of Oxford Mills Iowa near the intersection of county roads E53 and X64. Another brief touchdown occurred south of Dubuque near Zwingle Iowa before the storm moved into Wisconsin. In Washington Iowa extensive…
- Aug 11, 2016Flash Flood$1.5 million
National Weather Service narrative
The Emergency Manager reported that the Cedar Rapids and Iowa City Railroad (CRANDIC) experienced washed out tracks and a bridge in the Swisher area.
- Feb 24, 2007Ice Storm, Johnson$1.0 million
National Weather Service narrative
A widespread and crippling ice/snow storm affected eastern Iowa, northwest and western Illinois, and extreme northeast Missouri on February 24, 2007. This massive ice storm was the worst to affect the region since January 22-23, 1965. Ice accumulations of around one inch were common, with some reports to near two inches! To make matters worse, east winds gusting over 50 mph, combined with the heavy ice accumulation, brought down numerous tree branches and power lines, along with several thousand power poles. There were even whole trees crashing down from the weight of the ice. Widespread power outages occurred, affecting over 180,000 people, which lasted more than a week in some…
- Apr 13, 2006Lightning$515,000
National Weather Service narrative
Sometime between 1900 and 1930 CST lightning struck a brand new home in Coralville. The resultant fire destroyed the home and strong winds allowed the flames to spread onto a house nearing completion next door.
- Jun 22, 2007Flash Flood$500,000
National Weather Service narrative
Reports of urban flash flooding were received from around Iowa City. 8 to 10 inches of water covered a parking lot at a radio station, stranding 5 employees. 4 of the 5 were evacuated by the fire department. Numerous major streets were closed, and some businesses suffered minor flooding damage.
- May 24, 1996High Wind, Johnson$500,000
National Weather Service narrative
Strong gradient winds caused widespread tree damage and downed power lines. Damage was most extensive in the Iowa City, Iowa area where trees block many streets limiting traffic and causing an extended power outage. In Davenport Iowa, tree damage was less extensive shingles were blown off some area roofs.
- Storm Events records before 1996 cover only tornadoes, thunderstorm wind and hail. Damage figures are as reported by the National Weather Service at the time, not adjusted for inflation.
NOAA NCEI Storm Events Database, 1950 to 2026, issued October 26, 2026.
Weather records
From Iowa City Municipal Airport, 4.9 miles from the city centre, with records from 1948.
- All-time high
- 105°F3 times, most recently Jul 25, 2012
- All-time low
- −34°FFeb 3, 1996
- Warmest night
- 80°FJul 19, 2019
- Coldest day
- −14°FFeb 2, 1996
- Wettest day
- 5.65 inJun 22, 2007
- Hottest year
- 2024mean 53.8°F
- Coldest year
- 1951mean 46.1°F
- Wettest year
- 201848.78 in
- Driest year
- 199920.47 in
Station Iowa City Municipal Airport (USW00014937), 652 ft elevation, 4.9 miles from the city centre. Daily records from 1948 to October 27, 2026; 99.5% of days in the last 30 years are complete. Records at a single station can differ from a city’s official threaded record, which may combine several stations.
NOAA NCEI Global Historical Climatology Network Daily.
Federal disaster declarations
24 since 1953. The most recent: Severe Storms, August 17, 2020.
Declarations for Johnson County.
| Aug 17, 2020 | Severe Storm | DR-4557-IA |
| Mar 23, 2020 | Biological | DR-4483-IA |
| Mar 13, 2020 | Biological | EM-3480-IA |
| Aug 5, 2014 | Severe Storm | DR-4187-IA |
| Jul 2, 2013 | Severe Storm | DR-4126-IA |
| May 31, 2013 | Flood | DR-4119-IA |
| May 27, 2008 | Severe Storm | DR-1763-IA |
| Jan 4, 2008 | Severe Ice Storm | DR-1737-IA |
| Mar 14, 2007 | Severe Storm | DR-1688-IA |
| Sep 10, 2005 | Hurricane | EM-3239-IA |
| May 25, 2004 | Severe Storm | DR-1518-IA |
| Jun 19, 2002 | Flood | DR-1420-IA |
| Jul 2, 1998 | Flood | DR-1230-IA |
| Jun 24, 1996 | Severe Storm | DR-1121-IA |
| Jul 9, 1993 | Flood | DR-996-IA |
| Jul 12, 1991 | Flood | DR-911-IA |
| Sep 6, 1990 | Flood | DR-879-IA |
| May 26, 1990 | Flood | DR-868-IA |
| Jun 24, 1974 | Flood | DR-443-IA |
| May 23, 1973 | Flood | DR-386-IA |
| Aug 18, 1972 | Flood | DR-348-IA |
| Aug 14, 1969 | Flood | DR-269-IA |
| May 29, 1968 | Tornado | DR-240-IA |
| Apr 22, 1965 | Flood | DR-193-IA |
This product uses the Federal Emergency Management Agency's OpenFEMA API, but is not endorsed by FEMA. The Federal Government or FEMA cannot vouch for the data or analyses derived from these data after the data have been retrieved from the Agency's website(s).
OpenFEMA Disaster Declarations Summaries, retrieved October 30, 2026. Statewide declarations are not listed.
Sources and vintage
Every number on this page comes from these public records.
- Tornadoes NOAA Storm Prediction Center severe weather database, through 2025.
- Tropical cyclones NOAA National Hurricane Center HURDAT2 (Atlantic; Northeast and Central Pacific), through 2025.
- Wildfire USGS/USFS Monitoring Trends in Burn Severity, through 2026.
- Storm events NOAA NCEI Storm Events Database, through 2026.
- Flood insurance OpenFEMA NFIP Redacted Claims v3, refreshed August 4, 2026.
- Declarations OpenFEMA Disaster Declarations Summaries v2, retrieved October 30, 2026.
- Weather records NOAA NCEI Global Historical Climatology Network Daily, station USW00014937.
- River crests NOAA National Weather Service, National Water Prediction Service river gauges, retrieved October 30, 2026.
- Drought NOAA NCEI nClimDiv county Palmer Drought Severity Index, through September 2026.
- Smoke NOAA NESDIS Hazard Mapping System smoke analysis, retrieved October 30, 2026.
- Landslides USGS Landslide Inventories across the United States, version 3.0 (2025).
- Earthquakes USGS ANSS Comprehensive Earthquake Catalog (ComCat), retrieved October 30, 2026.
Joins, thresholds and known limits are set out in the methodology. Found an error? Report it. Page built October 30, 2026.