Marshall

Population 14,171 (2025)

69 tornadoes have tracked within 25 miles of Marshall since 1950, 7 of them rated EF3 or F3 or stronger; the most recent was on August 17, 2019.

Hazard fingerprint for Marshall Tornado: 52th percentile. Tropical: 0th percentile. Wildfire: 7th percentile. Flood: 55th percentile. Hail & wind: 66th percentile. Heat: 75th percentile. Cold: 88th percentile. Winter: 90th percentile. TORTROPFIREFLOODSEVEREHEATCOLDWINTER

Hazard fingerprint Each spoke is this county’s percentile among U.S. counties where that hazard occurs. How it is computed

2026
  • Tornado damage paths within 25 miles since 195069
  • Wildfire burn scars within 25 miles since 19841
  • Major flood years since 1978, Lyon County1

At a glance

Tornado paths within 25 miles, tropical cyclone tracks within 100 miles and wildfire perimeters within 25 miles of the city centre. Storm events, flood insurance claims and disaster declarations are for Lyon County. Earthquakes within 50 miles, volcanoes within 100 miles and smoke days are measured from the city centre; river and tide gauges, tsunami and landslide records and the drought index are for Lyon County.

Flood insurance claims

63

Lyon County

$163,000 paid since 1979

Details

Tornadoes since 1950, within 25 mi

69

7 rated F3/EF3 or stronger

Details

Large wildfires within 25 mi

1

Largest: Vallers, 2025

Details

Strongest tornado

F5

June 13, 1968, 9.1 mile path

Federal disaster declarations

18

Most recent: Severe Storms, Straight-Line Winds, Tornadoes, and Flooding, 2022

Details

Record high

109°F

July 31, 1988

Details

Record low

−36°F

February 16, 1936

Details

Snowiest season

88.9in

Winter of 2018-19

Tornadoes

About one every 1.1 years since 1950, 7 of them rated F3/EF3 or stronger.

Strongest

June 13, 1968

F5, 9.1 mile path

150 yards wide; 9 killed along the whole path.

Most recent

Saturday, August 17, 2019

EF0, 1.1 mile path

7 years ago.

Tornadoes by decade, within 25 miles Doppler radar era² 1950s: 5 5 1960s: 6 6 1970s: 2 2 1980s: 9 9 1990s: 19 19 2000s: 14 14 2010s: 14 14 2020s: 0 1950s1960s1970s1980s1990s2000s2010s2020s
Recorded tornadoes per decade. The 2020s are incomplete.
Tornadoes by month J: 0 F: 0 M: 1 A: 6 M: 9 J: 37 37 J: 11 A: 4 S: 0 O: 1 N: 0 D: 0 JFMAMJJASOND
By month of occurrence, all years.

Every recorded tornado

Tornadoes within 25 miles since 1950
Aug 17, 2019EF01.15000
Aug 17, 2019EF00.95000
Jun 24, 2018EF00.45000
Jul 19, 2017EF01.55000
Jul 19, 2017EF00.55000
Jun 18, 2014EF00.25000
Mar 31, 2014EF010.710000
Jun 21, 2013EF00.15000
Apr 21, 2012EF00.27500
Apr 15, 2012EF00.55000
Jul 1, 2011EF12.630000
Jul 1, 2011EF119.830000
Jul 1, 2011EF21.344000
Jul 1, 2011EF10.922000
Jun 2, 2007EF00.510000
Jun 29, 2005F03.010000
Jun 12, 2004F00.15000
Jun 12, 2004F11.610000
Jun 11, 2004F00.15000
Jun 24, 2003F00.15000
Aug 16, 2002F00.22500
Jun 25, 2002F15.510000
Jun 13, 2001F00.15000
Jun 13, 2001F00.15000
Jun 10, 2001F00.15000
Jun 10, 2001F00.12500
Jul 25, 2000F00.15000
May 7, 2000F00.15000
Jul 25, 1997F00.25000
Oct 6, 1994F03.05000
Jun 7, 1993F13.08000
Jun 7, 1993F12.55060
May 7, 1993F11.07040
May 7, 1993F19.010000
May 7, 1993F14.010000
May 7, 1993F13.010000
May 6, 1993F14.07000
Jun 16, 1992F32.510060
Jun 16, 1992F212.06000
Jun 16, 1992F313.08000
Jun 16, 1992F10.13000
Jun 16, 1992F316.09000
Jun 16, 1992F22.03000
Jun 16, 1992F312.08000
Jun 16, 1992F36.02300
Jun 16, 1992F213.04000
May 28, 1991F11.01000
Jun 28, 1987F116.04000
Apr 21, 1985F10.11000
Apr 21, 1985F114.510000
Apr 21, 1985F15.08000
Jun 23, 1981F00.12000
Jun 23, 1981F10.12000
Jun 21, 1981F254.320000
Jul 15, 1980F02.36000
May 26, 1980F00.11700
May 30, 1974F10.15020
Jun 15, 1970F14.32000
Jun 21, 1968F216.43010
Jun 13, 1968F59.11501509
Jun 15, 1967F00.11000
Jun 19, 1962F00.11000
Jun 19, 1962F00.11000
Jun 19, 1962F00.11000
Aug 4, 1958F12.02721
Jun 25, 1956F10.11000
Jul 7, 1955F10.11010
Jul 7, 1955F430.010131
Apr 19, 1955F29.28000
  1. Injuries and deaths are for the tornado’s whole path, which may extend beyond this area.
  2. Weak tornadoes were under-recorded before Doppler radar coverage became national in the early 1990s, so earlier decades read low. Ratings use the Fujita scale before February 2007 and the Enhanced Fujita scale after.

Storm Prediction Center severe weather database, 1950 to 2025.

Hurricanes and tropical storms

No tropical storm or hurricane has tracked within 100 miles since records began in 1851.

Wildfire and smoke

1 large fire burned within 25 miles since 1984.

Largest

March 22, 2025

Vallers Fire, 644 acres

7.2 miles from the city centre.

Most recent

March 22, 2025

Vallers Fire

644 acres in total.

Acres burned by large fires within 25 miles, cumulative 2025: 644 644 acres 198519901995200020052010201520202025
Running total of acres burned (line) and each year’s acres (bars).

Every large fire

Large wildfires since 1984
Vallers20257.2644
  1. Large fires mapped by the Monitoring Trends in Burn Severity program since 1984: 1,000 acres or more in the West, 500 or more in the East. Prescribed burns are excluded. Acres here are the part of each perimeter inside this place.

Monitoring Trends in Burn Severity (USGS and U.S. Forest Service), 1984 to 2026.

Smoke overhead

Smokiest year

2023: 76 days

Heavy smoke on 30 days in 2021, the most of any year.

Last 10 years

31.1 days a year

Medium or heavy smoke, 2016 to 2025.

2025

24 days

Medium or heavy smoke. 42 so far in 2026.

Days with medium or heavy smoke overhead, by year 2011: 8 2012: 28 2013: 24 2014: 12 2015: 28 2016: 8 2017: 14 2018: 32 2019: 11 2020: 24 2021: 55 2022: 23 2023: 76 76 2024: 44 2025: 24 201120122013201420152016201720182019202020212022202320242025
Days each year on which a satellite-traced plume of medium or heavy smoke covered the city centre, 2011 to 2025.
  1. A smoke day is a date on which a smoke plume traced by NOAA Hazard Mapping System analysts from satellite imagery covered this place's point (the county's population centre or the city centre). Counts here are of medium or heavy smoke. Since 2018 analysts have often drawn light smoke as one area over most of the continent, so light-smoke counts are not comparable from year to year. The plumes show smoke anywhere in the air above, not air quality at the ground, and smoke hidden by cloud is missed.

NOAA Hazard Mapping System smoke analysis, 2011 to 2026, retrieved October 30, 2026.

Floods and flood insurance

63 federal flood insurance claims since 1979, with $163,000 paid.

Flood insurance figures are for Lyon County, the county that contains Marshall.

Federal flood insurance claims by year 1993: 29 29 2001: 9 2010: 5 1993
Claims per year since 1979. Years with fewer than five claims are not shown.

Most claims in one year

1993: 29 claims

$59,000 paid.

2nd most

2001: 9 claims

$15,000 paid.

3rd most

2010: 5 claims

$56,000 paid.

Claims by ZIP code

Flood insurance claims by ZIP code
5625852$107,000

Flood events since 1996

  • Flood37
  • Flash Flood27

This product uses the Federal Emergency Management Agency's OpenFEMA API, but is not endorsed by FEMA. The Federal Government or FEMA cannot vouch for the data or analyses derived from these data after the data have been retrieved from the Agency's website(s).

OpenFEMA NFIP Redacted Claims v3, refreshed August 4, 2026. NOAA Storm Events through 2026.

River crests

River gauges in Lyon County, the county that contains Marshall.

Most severe crest

September 25, 2010

Redwood River at Russell, 20.01 ft

6.01 feet above the 14.0 ft flood stage; major flooding by today’s categories.

Most recent moderate or major crest

March 28, 2019

Redwood River at Russell, 18.50 ft

Moderate flooding.

Highest river crests above flood stage
Sep 25, 2010Redwood River at Russell20.01+6.01Major
Mar 24, 2019Redwood River at Marshall19.76+5.76Major
Mar 28, 2019Redwood River at Russell18.50+4.50Moderate
Jul 4, 2018Redwood River at Russell18.20+4.20Moderate
Apr 24, 2001Redwood River at Russell18.11+4.11Moderate
Mar 23, 2011Redwood River at Russell17.85+3.85Moderate
Jul 3, 2018Redwood River at Marshall17.41+3.41Moderate
Jun 23, 2024Redwood River at Russell16.73+2.73Minor
Apr 24, 2018Redwood River at Marshall15.90+1.90Minor
Jun 24, 2024Redwood River at Marshall15.89+1.89Minor
Mar 14, 2007Redwood River at Russell15.80+1.80Minor
May 7, 2012Redwood River at Russell15.44+1.44Minor
Mar 7, 2020Redwood River at Marshall15.19+1.19Minor
Apr 13, 2023Redwood River at Russell14.63+0.63Minor
Mar 9, 2020Redwood River at Russell14.47+0.47Minor
Jun 18, 2014Redwood River at Russell14.20+0.20Minor
May 13, 2022Redwood River at Russell14.12+0.12Minor
May 8, 2012Redwood River at Marshall13.44−0.56Action
May 24, 2017Redwood River at Russell12.96−1.04Action
May 13, 2022Redwood River at Marshall12.92−1.08Action
Jun 18, 2014Redwood River at Marshall12.45−1.55Action
Jun 12, 2008Redwood River at Russell12.10−1.90Action
Jun 30, 2025Redwood River at Russell12.04−1.96Action
Aug 17, 2025Redwood River at Marshall11.85−2.15Below flood stage
Jun 23, 2013Redwood River at Marshall11.57−2.43Below flood stage

River gauges

River gauges and their highest listed crests
Redwood River at Marshall14.019.76 ftMar 24, 20191
Redwood River at Russell14.020.01 ftSep 25, 20101
  1. Crests are the highest and the recent crests the National Weather Service lists for each river gauge in the county that has a flood stage, not every flood. Flood categories use each gauge's current flood stages; crests from before levees, dams or channel changes may not be comparable. Crests measured on an old datum are left out of the rankings.

NOAA National Water Prediction Service gauge records, retrieved October 30, 2026.

Drought

In severe drought or worse for 139 of 1,581 months since 1895 (9%); the longest spell lasted 26 months.

The drought index is for Lyon County, the county that contains Marshall.

139

Months in severe drought or worse since 1895

59

Months in extreme drought

9%

Share of all months, severe or worse

32

Drought reports to the Weather Service since 1996

Lowest reading

August 1934

−7.95, extreme drought

Longest severe spell

26 months

April 1933 to May 1935.

Latest month

September 2026

0.00, near normal

Last severe month: April 2015.

Months in severe drought or worse, by year 1895: 0 1896: 0 1897: 0 1898: 0 1899: 0 1900: 0 1901: 0 1902: 0 1903: 0 1904: 0 1905: 0 1906: 0 1907: 0 1908: 0 1909: 0 1910: 3 1911: 6 1912: 0 1913: 0 1914: 0 1915: 0 1916: 0 1917: 0 1918: 0 1919: 0 1920: 0 1921: 0 1922: 6 1923: 4 1924: 5 1925: 0 1926: 4 1927: 0 1928: 0 1929: 0 1930: 0 1931: 6 1932: 0 1933: 9 1934: 12 12 1935: 6 1936: 6 1937: 3 1938: 0 1939: 0 1940: 3 1941: 0 1942: 0 1943: 0 1944: 0 1945: 0 1946: 0 1947: 0 1948: 0 1949: 0 1950: 0 1951: 0 1952: 0 1953: 0 1954: 0 1955: 6 1956: 5 1957: 0 1958: 0 1959: 7 1960: 0 1961: 0 1962: 0 1963: 0 1964: 0 1965: 0 1966: 0 1967: 0 1968: 1 1969: 0 1970: 0 1971: 0 1972: 0 1973: 0 1974: 2 1975: 3 1976: 8 1977: 1 1978: 0 1979: 0 1980: 0 1981: 7 1982: 0 1983: 0 1984: 0 1985: 0 1986: 0 1987: 0 1988: 7 1989: 5 1990: 3 1991: 0 1992: 0 1993: 0 1994: 0 1995: 0 1996: 0 1997: 0 1998: 0 1999: 0 2000: 1 2001: 0 2002: 0 2003: 0 2004: 0 2005: 0 2006: 0 2007: 0 2008: 0 2009: 0 2010: 0 2011: 0 2012: 8 2013: 1 2014: 0 2015: 1 2016: 0 2017: 0 2018: 0 2019: 0 2020: 0 2021: 0 2022: 0 2023: 0 2024: 0 2025: 0 18951905191519251935194519551965197519851995200520152025
Months each year with a Palmer index of −3 or lower, 1895 to 2025. Twelve means the whole year.
  1. The Palmer Drought Severity Index is computed by NOAA each month from the county's average temperature and precipitation, relative to the county's own climate. Zero is normal; -3 or lower is severe drought and -4 or lower extreme drought. It describes the long-term balance of moisture, not water supply or crop losses.

NOAA NCEI nClimDiv county Palmer Drought Severity Index, 1895 to September 2026, issued October 6, 2026.

Earthquakes

No earthquake of magnitude 2.5 or more is recorded within 50 miles of the city centre in the USGS catalogue, which begins in 1900.

Severe weather and other events

854 events in the National Weather Service record for Lyon County, 775 of them since 1996.

155

Hail reports, 1 inch or larger

17

Hail, 2 inches or larger

127

Damaging gusts, 58 mph+

206

Winter weather events since 1996

22

Heat events since 1996

41

Cold events since 1996

Largest hail

July 18, 1963

3.50 inches

Strongest measured or estimated gust

May 22, 1975

98 mph

More event types since 1996

Other Storm Events types since 1996
Lightning300Sep 12, 2005

Costliest events since 1996

  1. Nov 14, 1996Ice Storm, Lyon$1.0 million
    National Weather Service narrative

    An ice storm consisting of several periods of freezing rain caused widespread damage to power lines and poles, and to trees. Power lines snapped, cable wires were ripped down, and tree debris littered and blocked some roads. Thousands lost power, some for 5 days. Travel was curtailed by icy surfaces and there were numerous accidents, although no serious injuries were reported. The ice storm was described as the worst in 40 years in the Worthington area. Many small farm structures were damaged. A 600 foot radio tower in Worthington was toppled. Schools and business were forced to close. Damage continued after the ice storm ended, including some damage occurring when ice melted…

  2. Apr 16, 2019Flood$560,000
    National Weather Service narrative

    Runoff following the major winter storm in mid-April produced considerable flooding of agricultural land. The Redwood River at Russell (gage site RUSM5) crested at 1.80 feet above flood stage on April 18.

  3. Mar 13, 2019Flood$510,000
    National Weather Service narrative

    U.S. Highway 14 between 300th Avenue and County Road 54 was covered by water. Other flooding resulted in damage to public infrastructure including county and township roads and culverts. The property damage costs include estimates for public property losses.

  4. Jan 21, 2005High Wind, Lyon$300,000
    National Weather Service narrative

    High winds reached sustained speeds of 40 mph for several hours, with gusts up to 55 mph. The winds caused widespread damage to trees and power lines, which had been coated with ice and snow less than a day before. The winds also damaged an appliance store in Worthington. Resulting power outages affected thousands of residents, especially in the Marshall area.

  5. Aug 6, 1996Thunderstorm Wind$300,000
    National Weather Service narrative

    Thunderstorm winds caused widespread damage to trees and power lines, causing power outages. Damage to buildings and vehicles occurred from falling trees. Building damage directly from the winds also occurred, including shingles blown from roofs.

  6. Jul 1, 2011Thunderstorm Wind$300,000
    National Weather Service narrative

    Thunderstorm winds caused widespread tree damage, including numerous trees blown down. Several roads were blocked by fallen trees. Roofs and siding of several homes were damaged directly by the wind, and also by falling trees and wind blown tree debris. The winds also blew down power poles and lines, causing a power outage. The winds were accompanied by large hail.

  7. Jun 19, 2014Flood$200,000
    National Weather Service narrative

    Persistent moderate to heavy rain caused flooding of fields and other lowlands, including numerous roads, and several homes and businesses. This flooding lasted through most of the daytime hours. Some roads were damaged or washed out.

  8. Jul 1, 2011Thunderstorm Wind$200,000
    National Weather Service narrative

    Thunderstorm winds damaged several homes and at least one barn, including parts of roofs torn off and shingles blown away. The winds also caused widespread tree damage, including trees up to 2 1/2 feet in diameter snapped off. Additional damage was done to roofs and siding of homes and other structures by falling trees and tree debris. Several grain bins were destroyed. The winds blew down power poles and lines, causing a power outage.

  9. Apr 1, 2011Flood$200,000
    National Weather Service narrative

    Flooding of lakes, streams, and lowlands, including some farmland, continued in the county through April. The Redwood river crested at a foot above flood stage at Russel on April 10th. While flooding of small streams abated, lake and lowland flooding continued with very slow improvement. Several roads remained flooded. High water and groundwater levels resulting from record precipitation in the previous year was the main reason that the flooding either grew worse or improved so slowly.

  10. Jul 3, 2018Flash Flood$155,000
    National Weather Service narrative

    Excessive rainfall rates overloaded culverts on County Road 5 north of Lynd and County Road 7 south of State Highway 23 near Marshall, each washing out large sections of roadway. Other county roads (60, 63 and 65) lost culverts as well, with road damage across the county totaling around 155 thousand dollars. Rainfall at Marshall was 4.81 inches, 4.02 inches just south of Marshall, 5.77 inches at Tracy and 6.50 inches at Ghent.

  1. Storm Events records before 1996 cover only tornadoes, thunderstorm wind and hail. Damage figures are as reported by the National Weather Service at the time, not adjusted for inflation.

NOAA NCEI Storm Events Database, 1950 to 2026, issued October 26, 2026.

Weather records

From Marshall, 1.6 miles from the city centre, with records from 1935.

All-time high
109°FJul 31, 1988
All-time low
−36°FFeb 16, 1936
Warmest night
83°FAug 16, 1988
Coldest day
−19°FDec 31, 2017
Wettest day
8.07 inJun 17, 1957
Snowiest day
16.0 inFeb 20, 1952
Hottest year
2012mean 49.6°F
Coldest year
1951mean 41.6°F
Wettest year
201945.78 in
Driest year
193617.26 in
Snowiest season
88.9 in2018-19
Average monthly high and low temperature and precipitation, last 30 years, Marshall 32°F 24° 6° 0.8 Jan 29° 9° 0.8 Feb 41° 22° 1.5 Mar 56° 34° 2.8 Apr 70° 48° 3.5 May 81° 59° 3.8 Jun 85° 63° 3.5 Jul 82° 60° 3.4 Aug 76° 52° 3.0 Sep 61° 39° 2.3 Oct 44° 25° 1.3 Nov 29° 12° 1.2 Dec Precipitation, inches
Average daily high and low by month, and average monthly precipitation, over the last 30 years.
Nights at or below freezing per year 1977: 168 1978: 162 1984: 149 1985: 157 1986: 155 1987: 161 1988: 163 1989: 164 1990: 164 1991: 165 1992: 170 1993: 171 1994: 144 1995: 162 1996: 171 1997: 167 1998: 133 1999: 149 2000: 150 2001: 146 2002: 177 2003: 152 2004: 144 2005: 146 2006: 159 2007: 143 2008: 173 2009: 155 2010: 145 2011: 173 2012: 136 2013: 182 182 2014: 153 2015: 131 2016: 142 2017: 148 2018: 179 2019: 172 2020: 178 2021: 156 2022: 173 2023: 168 2024: 150 2025: 150 19771992200220122022
Nights at or below freezing each complete year, last 50 years. Thirty-year average: 156.7.
Snowfall by winter 1977: 47.5 in 1978: 58.4 in 1982: 60.2 in 1984: 29.6 in 1985: 46.1 in 1987: 39.6 in 1989: 12.1 in 1990: 37.2 in 1991: 36.9 in 1992: 38.2 in 1993: 59.7 in 1994: 25.5 in 1995: 61.7 in 1996: 66.1 in 1997: 37.8 in 1998: 47.3 in 1999: 18.7 in 2001: 55.6 in 2002: 30.3 in 2003: 34.9 in 2004: 10.6 in 2005: 40.6 in 2006: 31.5 in 2007: 34.1 in 2008: 52.8 in 2009: 49.8 in 2013: 54.1 in 2014: 24.7 in 2015: 36.0 in 2016: 36.9 in 2017: 69.0 in 2018: 88.9 in 88.9 2019: 43.4 in 2020: 44.5 in 2021: 32.4 in 2022: 51.1 in 2023: 18.7 in 2024: 16.0 in 2025: 29.1 in 1977199320042017
Total snowfall each winter (July to June), last 50 winters.

Median first snow

November 14

Earliest: October 2, 1999

Median last snow

April 5

Latest: May 5, 1944

0 of 79 winters had no measurable snow.

Station Marshall (USC00215204), 1,149 ft elevation, 1.6 miles from the city centre. Daily records from 1935 to October 27, 2026; 99.2% of days in the last 30 years are complete. Records at a single station can differ from a city’s official threaded record, which may combine several stations.

NOAA NCEI Global Historical Climatology Network Daily.

Federal disaster declarations

18 since 1953. The most recent: Severe Storms, Straight-Line Winds, Tornadoes, and Flooding, August 9, 2022.

Declarations for Lyon County.

Federal disaster declarations
Aug 9, 2022Severe StormSevere Storms, Straight-Line Winds, Tornadoes, and FloodingMajor disasterDR-4666-MN
Apr 7, 2020BiologicalCovid-19 PandemicMajor disasterDR-4531-MN
Mar 13, 2020BiologicalCovid-19EmergencyEM-3453-MN
Jun 12, 2019FloodSevere Winter Storm, Straight-Line Winds, and FloodingMajor disasterDR-4442-MN
Sep 5, 2018FloodSevere Storms, Tornadoes, Straight-Line Winds, and FloodingMajor disasterDR-4390-MN
Jul 21, 2014FloodSevere Storms, Straight-Line Winds, Flooding, Landslides, and MudslidesMajor disasterDR-4182-MN
Jul 28, 2011Severe StormSevere Storms, Flooding, and TornadoesMajor disasterDR-4009-MN
May 10, 2011FloodSevere Storms and FloodingMajor disasterDR-1982-MN
Oct 13, 2010Severe StormSevere Storms and FloodingMajor disasterDR-1941-MN
Mar 19, 2010FloodFloodingEmergencyEM-3310-MN
Sep 13, 2005HurricaneHurricane Katrina EvacuationEmergencyEM-3242-MN
Apr 8, 1997FloodSevere Flooding, High Winds,Severe StormsMajor disasterDR-1175-MN
Jan 16, 1997Severe StormSevere Winter StormsMajor disasterDR-1158-MN
Jan 7, 1997Severe StormSevere Ice StormMajor disasterDR-1151-MN
Jun 11, 1993Severe StormSevere Storms, Tornadoes & FloodingMajor disasterDR-993-MN
Jun 26, 1992Severe StormSevere Storms, Tornadoes & FloodingMajor disasterDR-946-MN
Jun 17, 1976DroughtDroughtEmergencyEM-3013-MN
Apr 18, 1969FloodFloodingMajor disasterDR-255-MN

This product uses the Federal Emergency Management Agency's OpenFEMA API, but is not endorsed by FEMA. The Federal Government or FEMA cannot vouch for the data or analyses derived from these data after the data have been retrieved from the Agency's website(s).

OpenFEMA Disaster Declarations Summaries, retrieved October 30, 2026. Statewide declarations are not listed.

Sources and vintage

Every number on this page comes from these public records.

  • Tornadoes NOAA Storm Prediction Center severe weather database, through 2025.
  • Tropical cyclones NOAA National Hurricane Center HURDAT2 (Atlantic; Northeast and Central Pacific), through 2025.
  • Wildfire USGS/USFS Monitoring Trends in Burn Severity, through 2026.
  • Storm events NOAA NCEI Storm Events Database, through 2026.
  • Flood insurance OpenFEMA NFIP Redacted Claims v3, refreshed August 4, 2026.
  • Declarations OpenFEMA Disaster Declarations Summaries v2, retrieved October 30, 2026.
  • Weather records NOAA NCEI Global Historical Climatology Network Daily, station USC00215204.
  • River crests NOAA National Weather Service, National Water Prediction Service river gauges, retrieved October 30, 2026.
  • Drought NOAA NCEI nClimDiv county Palmer Drought Severity Index, through September 2026.
  • Smoke NOAA NESDIS Hazard Mapping System smoke analysis, retrieved October 30, 2026.
  • Earthquakes USGS ANSS Comprehensive Earthquake Catalog (ComCat), retrieved October 30, 2026.

Joins, thresholds and known limits are set out in the methodology. Found an error? Report it. Page built October 30, 2026.