Springboro
Population 19,606 (2025)
121 tornadoes have tracked within 25 miles of Springboro since 1950, 11 of them rated EF3 or F3 or stronger; the most recent was on April 2, 2025.
Hazard fingerprint Each spoke is this county’s percentile among U.S. counties where that hazard occurs. How it is computed
- Tornado damage paths within 25 miles since 1950121
- Tropical cyclone tracks within 100 miles since 1851, wider where stronger1
- Major flood years since 1978, Warren County1
At a glance
Tornado paths within 25 miles, tropical cyclone tracks within 100 miles and wildfire perimeters within 25 miles of the city centre. Storm events, flood insurance claims and disaster declarations are for Warren County. Earthquakes within 50 miles, volcanoes within 100 miles and smoke days are measured from the city centre; river and tide gauges, tsunami and landslide records and the drought index are for Warren County.
Strongest tornado
F5
April 3, 1974, 31.3 mile path
Tornadoes
About 2 tornados a year since 1950, 11 of them rated F3/EF3 or stronger.
Strongest
April 3, 1974
F5, 31.3 mile path
533 yards wide; 36 killed along the whole path.
Most recent
Wednesday, April 2, 2025
EF0, 8.5 mile path
Within the past year.
Every recorded tornado
| Apr 2, 2025 | EF0 | 8.5 | 0 | 0 |
| Apr 2, 2025 | EF0 | 3.0 | 0 | 0 |
| Mar 30, 2025 | EF0 | 3.0 | 0 | 0 |
| Mar 30, 2025 | EF0 | 11.7 | 0 | 0 |
| Mar 30, 2025 | EF0 | 6.9 | 0 | 0 |
| Sep 24, 2024 | EF0 | 1.4 | 0 | 0 |
| Jul 29, 2024 | EF1 | 8.0 | 0 | 0 |
| May 7, 2024 | EF0 | 0.5 | 0 | 0 |
| May 7, 2024 | EF0 | 1.3 | 0 | 0 |
| May 7, 2024 | EF1 | 2.7 | 0 | 0 |
| May 7, 2024 | EF0 | 0.4 | 0 | 0 |
| May 7, 2024 | EF1 | 2.6 | 0 | 0 |
| May 7, 2024 | EF0 | 0.3 | 0 | 0 |
| May 7, 2024 | EF0 | 0.3 | 0 | 0 |
| Feb 28, 2024 | EF1 | 2.4 | 0 | 0 |
| Aug 14, 2023 | EF0 | 1.3 | 0 | 0 |
| Feb 27, 2023 | EF1 | 4.2 | 0 | 0 |
| Jul 6, 2022 | EF2 | 4.8 | 2 | 0 |
| Jul 6, 2022 | EF1 | 2.2 | 0 | 0 |
| Mar 23, 2022 | EF0 | 1.7 | 0 | 0 |
| Jun 18, 2021 | EF1 | 2.8 | 0 | 0 |
| Apr 8, 2020 | EF0 | 0.8 | 0 | 0 |
| May 27, 2019 | EF2 | 7.6 | 0 | 0 |
| May 27, 2019 | EF0 | 3.0 | 0 | 0 |
| May 27, 2019 | EF3 | 9.9 | 0 | 0 |
| May 27, 2019 | EF4 | 18.2 | 166 | 0 |
| May 19, 2019 | EF1 | 1.0 | 0 | 0 |
| May 19, 2019 | EF1 | 7.6 | 0 | 0 |
| Apr 3, 2018 | EF1 | 8.8 | 0 | 0 |
| May 24, 2017 | EF1 | 4.1 | 0 | 0 |
| May 24, 2017 | EF1 | 0.4 | 0 | 0 |
| May 24, 2017 | EF0 | 1.1 | 0 | 0 |
| May 24, 2017 | EF0 | 1.6 | 0 | 0 |
| May 24, 2017 | EF0 | 2.6 | 0 | 0 |
| May 24, 2017 | EF0 | 0.2 | 0 | 0 |
| Jun 23, 2016 | EF1 | 20.7 | 0 | 0 |
| Mar 14, 2016 | EF1 | 3.0 | 0 | 0 |
| Mar 14, 2016 | EF1 | 1.1 | 0 | 0 |
| May 26, 2015 | EF1 | 0.6 | 2 | 0 |
| Apr 19, 2015 | EF0 | 0.9 | 0 | 0 |
| May 14, 2014 | EF3 | 8.9 | 0 | 0 |
| Feb 20, 2014 | EF0 | 2.0 | 0 | 0 |
| Oct 31, 2013 | EF1 | 0.6 | 8 | 0 |
| May 1, 2012 | EF0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0 |
| May 1, 2012 | EF0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0 |
| Mar 23, 2012 | EF0 | 0.4 | 0 | 0 |
| Mar 23, 2012 | EF0 | 0.4 | 0 | 0 |
| May 25, 2011 | EF1 | 2.5 | 0 | 0 |
| May 25, 2011 | EF0 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 |
| May 23, 2011 | EF1 | 0.9 | 0 | 0 |
| Oct 23, 2009 | EF0 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 |
| May 30, 2009 | EF0 | 0.4 | 0 | 0 |
| May 8, 2008 | EF0 | 0.4 | 0 | 0 |
| Jan 29, 2008 | EF0 | 2.0 | 0 | 0 |
| Jul 11, 2006 | F0 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 |
| Jul 11, 2006 | F0 | 5.0 | 0 | 0 |
| Jul 11, 2006 | F1 | 1.0 | 0 | 0 |
| Jul 11, 2006 | F0 | 0.3 | 0 | 0 |
| Jul 11, 2006 | F1 | 0.8 | 0 | 0 |
| Jul 11, 2006 | F1 | 4.0 | 0 | 0 |
| Aug 30, 2005 | F0 | 2.0 | 0 | 0 |
| May 9, 2002 | F0 | 2.0 | 0 | 0 |
| May 24, 2001 | F0 | 0.5 | 0 | 0 |
| Sep 20, 2000 | F4 | 9.0 | 100 | 1 |
| Aug 24, 1999 | F0 | 10.0 | 0 | 0 |
| Apr 9, 1999 | F2 | 1.5 | 0 | 0 |
| Apr 9, 1999 | F4 | 10.0 | 65 | 4 |
| May 31, 1998 | F1 | 0.3 | 0 | 0 |
| May 7, 1998 | F0 | 0.2 | 0 | 0 |
| Jul 2, 1997 | F2 | 0.2 | 0 | 0 |
| Jun 30, 1993 | F1 | 1.0 | 0 | 0 |
| Jul 12, 1992 | F1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 |
| Aug 20, 1991 | F0 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 |
| Sep 14, 1990 | F2 | 35.0 | 6 | 0 |
| Jun 2, 1990 | F0 | 1.0 | 0 | 0 |
| Jun 2, 1990 | F4 | 33.0 | 37 | 0 |
| May 4, 1990 | F2 | 0.2 | 5 | 1 |
| May 4, 1990 | F1 | 1.2 | 0 | 0 |
| Apr 25, 1989 | F2 | 5.0 | 16 | 0 |
| Mar 10, 1986 | F2 | 6.0 | 10 | 0 |
| Mar 10, 1986 | F2 | 1.0 | 0 | 0 |
| Jun 20, 1984 | F1 | 1.0 | 0 | 0 |
| Jun 15, 1982 | F1 | 0.3 | 0 | 0 |
| May 29, 1982 | F1 | 0.3 | 0 | 0 |
| Jun 13, 1981 | F1 | 1.0 | 0 | 0 |
| Aug 3, 1980 | F1 | 1.0 | 0 | 0 |
| Apr 8, 1980 | F2 | 2.0 | 10 | 0 |
| Apr 8, 1980 | F1 | 1.5 | 0 | 0 |
| Jun 12, 1978 | F0 | 1.0 | 0 | 0 |
| Oct 1, 1977 | F0 | 0.3 | 0 | 0 |
| Jun 24, 1976 | F0 | 10.1 | 0 | 0 |
| Sep 11, 1975 | F1 | 4.1 | 0 | 0 |
| Apr 2, 1975 | F2 | 1.0 | 3 | 0 |
| Aug 8, 1974 | F0 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 |
| Aug 3, 1974 | F0 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 |
| May 18, 1974 | F1 | 3.3 | 0 | 0 |
| Apr 3, 1974 | F2 | 9.8 | 9 | 0 |
| Apr 3, 1974 | F4 | 19.8 | 39 | 2 |
| Apr 3, 1974 | F5 | 31.3 | 1,150 | 36 |
| Dec 26, 1973 | F1 | 0.5 | 0 | 0 |
| Aug 12, 1973 | F0 | 0.5 | 0 | 0 |
| Jul 20, 1973 | F1 | 0.3 | 0 | 0 |
| Jul 14, 1973 | F1 | 0.3 | 0 | 0 |
| Jul 14, 1973 | F0 | 0.5 | 0 | 0 |
| Jul 3, 1973 | F1 | 0.2 | 0 | 0 |
| May 10, 1969 | F3 | 54.5 | 25 | 0 |
| May 8, 1969 | F3 | 1.9 | 25 | 0 |
| Jun 28, 1967 | F1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 |
| Oct 9, 1966 | F2 | 4.9 | 3 | 0 |
| Apr 11, 1965 | F1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 |
| Jun 23, 1964 | F1 | 0.3 | 0 | 0 |
| Jul 19, 1963 | F1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 |
| Apr 25, 1961 | F2 | 25.0 | 4 | 2 |
| Apr 25, 1961 | F4 | 63.1 | 7 | 0 |
| May 20, 1960 | F1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 |
| May 22, 1959 | F0 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 |
| May 22, 1959 | F2 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 |
| Jun 26, 1956 | F1 | 2.0 | 0 | 0 |
| Feb 25, 1956 | F2 | 1.0 | 5 | 0 |
| Jun 13, 1953 | F2 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 |
| Jun 27, 1951 | F1 | 4.7 | 0 | 0 |
- Injuries and deaths are for the tornado’s whole path, which may extend beyond this area.
- Weak tornadoes were under-recorded before Doppler radar coverage became national in the early 1990s, so earlier decades read low. Ratings use the Fujita scale before February 2007 and the Enhanced Fujita scale after.
Storm Prediction Center severe weather database, 1950 to 2025.
Hurricanes and tropical storms
1 tropical cyclone passed within 100 miles since 1851, none within 50.
Most recent
October 5, 1995
Opal, Post-tropical
66.4 miles at closest approach.
Every storm within 100 miles
- Tropical storms and hurricanes (34 kt or more, still tropical) at closest approach. Post-tropical remnants with gale-force winds are listed but not counted. Direct: track within 50 miles; near: within 100 miles. Distance is measured to the county boundary for counties and to the city centre for cities, using positions interpolated hourly between HURDAT2 fixes.
National Hurricane Center HURDAT2, 1851 to 2025.
Wildfire and smoke
No large wildfire has been mapped within 25 miles since satellite mapping began in 1984.
Smoke overhead
Smokiest year
2023: 56 days
Heavy smoke on 12 days in 2023, the most of any year.
Last 10 years
17.6 days a year
Medium or heavy smoke, 2016 to 2025.
2025
12 days
Medium or heavy smoke. 38 so far in 2026.
- A smoke day is a date on which a smoke plume traced by NOAA Hazard Mapping System analysts from satellite imagery covered this place's point (the county's population centre or the city centre). Counts here are of medium or heavy smoke. Since 2018 analysts have often drawn light smoke as one area over most of the continent, so light-smoke counts are not comparable from year to year. The plumes show smoke anywhere in the air above, not air quality at the ground, and smoke hidden by cloud is missed.
NOAA Hazard Mapping System smoke analysis, 2011 to 2026, retrieved October 30, 2026.
Floods and flood insurance
209 federal flood insurance claims since 1978, with $2.2 million paid.
Flood insurance figures are for Warren County, the county that contains Springboro.
Most claims in one year
2008: 30 claims
$289,000 paid.
2nd most
1998: 21 claims
$135,000 paid.
3rd most
1995: 15 claims
$71,000 paid.
Claims by ZIP code
| 45065 | 40 | $512,000 |
| 45005 | 37 | $179,000 |
| 45152 | 32 | $138,000 |
| 45036 | 26 | $489,000 |
| 45040 | 20 | $88,000 |
| 45066 | 15 | $340,000 |
| 45140 | 12 | $56,000 |
| 45068 | 11 | $56,000 |
| 45050 | 6 | $243,000 |
| 45039 | 6 | $49,000 |
Flood events since 1996
- Flood103
- Flash Flood66
- Heavy Rain6
3 deaths recorded in flood events since 1996.
This product uses the Federal Emergency Management Agency's OpenFEMA API, but is not endorsed by FEMA. The Federal Government or FEMA cannot vouch for the data or analyses derived from these data after the data have been retrieved from the Agency's website(s).
OpenFEMA NFIP Redacted Claims v3, refreshed August 4, 2026. NOAA Storm Events through 2026.
River crests
River gauges in Warren County, the county that contains Springboro.
Most severe crest
January 22, 1959
Great Miami River at Franklin, 17.60 ft
3.60 feet above the 14.0 ft flood stage; moderate flooding by today’s categories.
Most recent moderate or major crest
January 22, 1959
Great Miami River at Franklin, 17.60 ft
Moderate flooding.
| Jan 22, 1959 | Great Miami River at Franklin | 17.60 | +3.60 |
| Feb 18, 2022 | Little Miami River near South Lebanon | 23.20 | +4.20 |
| Jan 22, 1937 | Great Miami River at Franklin | 16.70 | +2.70 |
| Mar 6, 1963 | Great Miami River at Franklin | 16.60 | +2.60 |
| Jun 19, 2021 | Little Miami River near South Lebanon | 21.51 | +2.51 |
| Jan 7, 2005 | Great Miami River at Franklin | 16.50 | +2.50 |
| Dec 22, 2013 | Great Miami River at Franklin | 15.59 | +1.59 |
| Mar 4, 2023 | Little Miami River near South Lebanon | 20.52 | +1.52 |
| Mar 5, 2026 | Little Miami River near South Lebanon | 20.48 | +1.48 |
| Mar 25, 2023 | Little Miami River near South Lebanon | 20.11 | +1.11 |
| Mar 20, 2020 | Great Miami River at Franklin | 14.86 | +0.86 |
| Apr 6, 2025 | Great Miami River at Franklin | 14.61 | +0.61 |
| Apr 5, 2018 | Great Miami River at Franklin | 14.50 | +0.50 |
| Feb 25, 2018 | Great Miami River at Franklin | 14.33 | +0.33 |
| Jul 7, 2022 | Little Miami River near South Lebanon | 18.00 | −1.00 |
| Apr 12, 2013 | Great Miami River at Franklin | 10.07 | −3.93 |
River gauges
| Great Miami River at Franklin | 14.0 | 17.60 ft | 0 |
| Little Miami River near South Lebanon | 19.0 | 23.20 ft | 0 |
- Crests are the highest and the recent crests the National Weather Service lists for each river gauge in the county that has a flood stage, not every flood. Flood categories use each gauge's current flood stages; crests from before levees, dams or channel changes may not be comparable. Crests measured on an old datum are left out of the rankings.
NOAA National Water Prediction Service gauge records, retrieved October 30, 2026.
Drought
In severe drought or worse for 116 of 1,581 months since 1895 (7%); the longest spell lasted 11 months.
The drought index is for Warren County, the county that contains Springboro.
116
Months in severe drought or worse since 1895
44
Months in extreme drought
7%
Share of all months, severe or worse
2
Drought reports to the Weather Service since 1996
Lowest reading
March 1931
−6.12, extreme drought
Longest severe spell
11 months
July 1901 to May 1902.
Latest month
September 2026
+3.67, very wet
Last severe month: November 2024.
- The Palmer Drought Severity Index is computed by NOAA each month from the county's average temperature and precipitation, relative to the county's own climate. Zero is normal; -3 or lower is severe drought and -4 or lower extreme drought. It describes the long-term balance of moisture, not water supply or crop losses.
NOAA NCEI nClimDiv county Palmer Drought Severity Index, 1895 to September 2026, issued October 6, 2026.
Earthquakes
1 earthquake of magnitude 2.5 or more within 50 miles since 2026; none reached magnitude 4.
0
Magnitude 3+ within 50 miles since 1973
0
Magnitude 4+ within 50 miles since 1900
0
Magnitude 5+ within 50 miles since 1900
Largest within 50 miles
February 22, 2026
Magnitude 2.5
2 km NE of Hillsboro, Ohio; 41.8 miles away, 7.0 miles deep.
- Earthquakes of magnitude 2.5 or more in the USGS Comprehensive Catalog since 1900. Within 50 miles means the epicentre lies within 50 miles of the city centre.
- Small earthquakes were under-recorded before the modern seismic networks of the 1970s and are still missed in remote areas, so early decades read low. Magnitudes are as the catalogue reports them and mix scales (moment, local and body-wave).
USGS ANSS Comprehensive Earthquake Catalog, 1900 to present, retrieved October 30, 2026.
Severe weather and other events
890 events in the National Weather Service record for Warren County, 816 of them since 1996.
56
Hail reports, 1 inch or larger
5
Hail, 2 inches or larger
309
Damaging gusts, 58 mph+
141
Winter weather events since 1996
8
Heat events since 1996
4
Cold events since 1996
Largest hail
June 30, 1990
4.00 inches
Strongest measured or estimated gust
September 27, 2003
90 mph
More event types since 1996
| Lightning | 5 | 1 |
Costliest events since 1996
- Sep 14, 2008High Wind, Warren$23.7 million
National Weather Service narrative
Strong winds of 40 to 50 miles per hour were sustained for several hours. A gust to 78 mph was measured in Lebanon. Widespread damage occurred across the region, from trees being blown down on powerlines, to significant crop losses and structural damage. One person suffered a spinal injury in Springboro when a branch fell on him.
- Sep 27, 2003Thunderstorm Wind$4.0 million
National Weather Service narrative
An intense microburst caused extensive damage to homes and businesses across the southern part of the county. Several buildings sustained major damage along Mason-Montgomery Road. Up to fifty windows were blown out at Kings Junior High School. Portions of the roof were damaged and a wall was blown in at the junior high school as well. Numerous buses near the junior high school were severely damaged by flying debris and a nearby shed was destroyed. The fifty foot marquee at Kings Island Amusement Park was blown down and completely destroyed. 36 homes suffered roof damage in Kings Mills. In South Lebanon, a small church and 75 homes sustained damage, including five that were…
- Apr 9, 1999Tornado$3.0 million
National Weather Service narrative
The tornado crossed from Hamilton county through southeast Deerfield Township and across the Little Miami River. The tornado damaged several houses, hundreds of mature trees, along with garages and barns.
- Apr 19, 2002Hail$2.5 million
National Weather Service narrative
Extensive hail damage to homes, cars and businesses occurred across the southern part of the county from Twenty Mile Stand, through Maineville to near Morrow and Pleasant Plain.
- Apr 9, 1999Tornado$2.5 million
National Weather Service narrative
A tornado touched down in eastern Hamilton Township causing heavy damage to a farmstead. The roof of the house and an extension to a barn were destroyed. Further down the path, a house was skewed from its foundation.
- Apr 16, 1998Flash Flood$2.0 million
National Weather Service narrative
Persistent heavy rainfall caused county creeks and streams to flood across roads. A section of State Route 350 was washed out by the high water. One hundred fifty people were evacuated from the banks of Turtle Creek while a total of 210 were evacuated across the county. Seventy homes received minor damage and 5 had major damage.
- Jan 21, 2013Winter Weather, Warren$1.5 million
National Weather Service narrative
Snow squalls in the region caused whiteout conditions, resulting in a 52 car pileup on I-75 between Cincinnati and Dayton. The accident occurred between the Middletown and Monroe exits and injured 10 people.
- Jun 1, 1997Flood, Warren$1.0 million
National Weather Service narrative
A closed upper low pressure system remained across the Ohio valley from late on May 31st until June 2nd and dropped very heavy rainfall across central and southern Ohio. Several rivers rose out of their banks as a result of the heavy rainfall. The Scioto River flooded from Columbus to the Ohio river. At Frank Road in Columbus, the river crested at 24.19 feet around noon est on the 2nd. At Circleville, the river crested at 20.91 feet around 1100 am est on the 4th. Flood stage is 14.0 feet. At Chillicothe, the river crested at 16.25 feet around midnight est on the 5th. Flood stage is 16.0 feet. At Piketon, the river crested at 21.0 feet around 500 am est on the 6th.The Little Miami…
- Jul 17, 2001Flash Flood$604,000
National Weather Service narrative
One hundred homes sustained damage with two destroyed from high water. A resident lost six cars when water flooded his garage. Several roads across county sustained minor damage. Total estimate of public assistance is 603,916.
- May 7, 2024Tornado$500,000
National Weather Service narrative
The tornado began in the Little Miami River Valley, within the village of Morrow where tree damage and minor structure damage was observed. Extensive tree damage occurred along the northern hillside rising up out of the valley. More sporadic tree damage was noted along the hillside rising up from the southern side of the river. Several homes along Mason Morrow Millgrove Road received structural damage. One home had a total removal of its second story while an adjacent home had partial removal of its roof. Winds at this location were estimated to be at 95 mph, or EF-1.||The tornado continued northeast along the Little Miami River, with more damage found near the intersection of…
- Storm Events records before 1996 cover only tornadoes, thunderstorm wind and hail. Damage figures are as reported by the National Weather Service at the time, not adjusted for inflation.
NOAA NCEI Storm Events Database, 1950 to 2026, issued October 26, 2026.
Weather records
From Dayton Wright Brothers Airport, 2.1 miles from the city centre, with records from 1997.
- All-time high
- 102°FJul 7, 2012
- All-time low
- −11°FJan 27, 2003
- Warmest night
- 79°FJul 30, 1999
- Coldest day
- 7°F3 times, most recently Jan 1, 2018
- Wettest day
- 3.80 inSep 27, 2002
- Hottest year
- 2024mean 57.3°F
- Coldest year
- 2014mean 51.4°F
- Wettest year
- 201159.28 in
- Driest year
- 199928.21 in
Station Dayton Wright Brothers Airport (USW00053859), 953 ft elevation, 2.1 miles from the city centre. Daily records from 1997 to October 27, 2026; 95.8% of days in the last 30 years are complete. Records at a single station can differ from a city’s official threaded record, which may combine several stations.
NOAA NCEI Global Historical Climatology Network Daily.
Federal disaster declarations
13 since 1953. The most recent: Covid-19 Pandemic, March 31, 2020.
Declarations for Warren County.
| Mar 31, 2020 | Biological | DR-4507-OH |
| Mar 13, 2020 | Biological | EM-3457-OH |
| Jun 30, 2012 | Severe Storm | EM-3346-OH |
| Oct 24, 2008 | Severe Storm | DR-1805-OH |
| Sep 13, 2005 | Hurricane | EM-3250-OH |
| Feb 15, 2005 | Severe Storm | DR-1580-OH |
| Jan 11, 2005 | Snowstorm | EM-3198-OH |
| Sep 19, 2004 | Severe Storm | DR-1556-OH |
| Jun 10, 1989 | Flood | DR-831-OH |
| Jan 26, 1978 | Snowstorm | EM-3055-OH |
| Jul 11, 1974 | Flood | DR-445-OH |
| Apr 4, 1974 | Tornado | DR-421-OH |
| Jun 5, 1968 | Flood | DR-243-OH |
This product uses the Federal Emergency Management Agency's OpenFEMA API, but is not endorsed by FEMA. The Federal Government or FEMA cannot vouch for the data or analyses derived from these data after the data have been retrieved from the Agency's website(s).
OpenFEMA Disaster Declarations Summaries, retrieved October 30, 2026. Statewide declarations are not listed.
Sources and vintage
Every number on this page comes from these public records.
- Tornadoes NOAA Storm Prediction Center severe weather database, through 2025.
- Tropical cyclones NOAA National Hurricane Center HURDAT2 (Atlantic; Northeast and Central Pacific), through 2025.
- Wildfire USGS/USFS Monitoring Trends in Burn Severity, through 2026.
- Storm events NOAA NCEI Storm Events Database, through 2026.
- Flood insurance OpenFEMA NFIP Redacted Claims v3, refreshed August 4, 2026.
- Declarations OpenFEMA Disaster Declarations Summaries v2, retrieved October 30, 2026.
- Weather records NOAA NCEI Global Historical Climatology Network Daily, station USW00053859.
- River crests NOAA National Weather Service, National Water Prediction Service river gauges, retrieved October 30, 2026.
- Drought NOAA NCEI nClimDiv county Palmer Drought Severity Index, through September 2026.
- Smoke NOAA NESDIS Hazard Mapping System smoke analysis, retrieved October 30, 2026.
- Earthquakes USGS ANSS Comprehensive Earthquake Catalog (ComCat), retrieved October 30, 2026.
Joins, thresholds and known limits are set out in the methodology. Found an error? Report it. Page built October 30, 2026.