Cloud County

Population 8,833 (2025) 715 sq mi

Cloud County has recorded 53 tornadoes since 1950, 33rd most of 105 counties in Kansas; the most recent was on May 9, 2023.

Hazard fingerprint for Cloud County Tornado: 86th percentile. Tropical: 0th percentile. Wildfire: 0th percentile. Flood: 24th percentile. Hail & wind: 78th percentile. Heat: 65th percentile. Cold: 53th percentile. Winter: 53th percentile. TORTROPFIREFLOODSEVEREHEATCOLDWINTER

Hazard fingerprint Each spoke is this county’s percentile among U.S. counties where that hazard occurs. How it is computed

2026
  • Tornado damage paths since 195053

At a glance

The record for Cloud County in eight numbers. Each links to its section below.

Tornadoes since 1950

53

33rd of 105 in Kansas

About as many as the typical Kansas county

Details

Flood insurance claims

2

62nd of 105 in Kansas

$35,000 paid since 2020

Details

Strongest tornado

F4

May 20, 1957, 44.6 mile path

Federal disaster declarations

16

Most recent: Severe Winter Storm, 2024

Details

Record high

116°F

August 12, 1936

Details

Record low

−33°F

January 8, 1886

Details

Costliest event since 1996

$2.1M

Tornado, May 29, 2004

Details

Tornadoes

About one every 1.4 years since 1950, 5 of them rated F3/EF3 or stronger.

Strongest

May 20, 1957

F4, 44.6 mile path

400 yards wide.

Deadliest

June 9, 1967

1 killed, F2

10 injured along the whole path.

Most recent

Tuesday, May 9, 2023

EFU, 1.6 mile path

3 years ago.

Tornadoes by decade Doppler radar era² 1950s: 14 14 1960s: 3 3 1970s: 6 6 1980s: 5 5 1990s: 10 10 2000s: 7 7 2010s: 7 7 2020s: 1 1 1950s1960s1970s1980s1990s2000s2010s2020s
Recorded tornadoes per decade. The 2020s are incomplete.
Tornadoes by month J: 0 F: 1 M: 4 A: 5 M: 21 21 J: 13 J: 4 A: 2 S: 2 O: 0 N: 1 D: 0 JFMAMJJASOND
By month of occurrence, all years.

Every recorded tornado

Tornadoes in Cloud County since 1950
May 9, 2023EFU1.63000
May 1, 2018EF07.83000
May 1, 2018EF18.922500
Aug 23, 2016EF00.12500
May 6, 2015EF08.87500
May 6, 2015EF00.27500
Apr 27, 2012EF02.010000
Feb 28, 2012EF01.87500
Apr 25, 2008EF00.12500
Apr 24, 2008EF214.11,05000
May 5, 2007EF110.120000
May 29, 2004F12.010000
May 29, 2004F25.020000
May 29, 2004F14.020000
May 8, 2003F00.16000
May 9, 1996F00.15000
May 9, 1996F00.140000
Jul 12, 1992F00.52300
Jun 15, 1992F11.05000
Jun 15, 1992F12.010000
Jun 15, 1992F12.01700
Apr 12, 1991F01.05000
Jun 18, 1990F10.11000
Mar 13, 1990F00.21000
Mar 13, 1990F113.055000
Jul 9, 1988F00.52000
Jun 28, 1987F00.23000
Jun 27, 1987F012.010000
Jun 10, 1983F00.11000
May 20, 1982F00.11000
Mar 29, 1976F02.01700
Apr 19, 1974F10.11700
Sep 25, 1973F24.36700
Sep 25, 1973F369.96720
Jun 24, 1972F00.31300
May 26, 1972F00.51000
Jun 9, 1967F242.51,320101
Aug 20, 1966F01.01000
Nov 27, 1960F32.016720
May 20, 1957F444.640000
May 20, 1957F20.11000
May 20, 1957F20.11000
May 20, 1957F20.11000
May 20, 1957F36.11000
Jun 30, 1955F11.01000
Jun 3, 1955F00.11000
Jun 2, 1955F119.81000
Jun 21, 1954F13.01000
Jul 4, 1953F01.010000
Jul 22, 1951F27.71000
May 25, 1951F10.11000
Mar 2, 1951F338.11000
May 8, 1950F10.11010
  1. Injuries and deaths are for the tornado’s whole path, which may extend beyond the county. Deaths recorded within Cloud County: 1.
  2. Weak tornadoes were under-recorded before Doppler radar coverage became national in the early 1990s, so earlier decades read low. Ratings use the Fujita scale before February 2007 and the Enhanced Fujita scale after.

Storm Prediction Center severe weather database, 1950 to 2025.

Hurricanes and tropical storms

No tropical storm or hurricane has tracked within 100 miles since records began in 1851.

Wildfire and smoke

No large wildfire has been mapped here since satellite mapping began in 1984.

Smoke overhead

Smokiest year

2021: 57 days

Heavy smoke on 20 days in 2021, the most of any year.

Last 10 years

25.0 days a year

Medium or heavy smoke, 2016 to 2025.

2025

15 days

Medium or heavy smoke. 32 so far in 2026.

Days with medium or heavy smoke overhead, by year 2011: 15 2012: 24 2013: 16 2014: 4 2015: 15 2016: 3 2017: 14 2018: 12 2019: 7 2020: 32 2021: 57 57 2022: 26 2023: 49 2024: 35 2025: 15 201120122013201420152016201720182019202020212022202320242025
Days each year on which a satellite-traced plume of medium or heavy smoke covered the county’s population centre, 2011 to 2025.
  1. A smoke day is a date on which a smoke plume traced by NOAA Hazard Mapping System analysts from satellite imagery covered this place's point (the county's population centre or the city centre). Counts here are of medium or heavy smoke. Since 2018 analysts have often drawn light smoke as one area over most of the continent, so light-smoke counts are not comparable from year to year. The plumes show smoke anywhere in the air above, not air quality at the ground, and smoke hidden by cloud is missed.

NOAA Hazard Mapping System smoke analysis, 2011 to 2026, retrieved October 30, 2026.

Floods and flood insurance

2 federal flood insurance claims since 2020, with $35,000 paid.

Federal flood insurance claims by year
Claims per year since 2020. Years with fewer than five claims are not shown.

Flood events since 1996

  • Flash Flood16
  • Flood7

This product uses the Federal Emergency Management Agency's OpenFEMA API, but is not endorsed by FEMA. The Federal Government or FEMA cannot vouch for the data or analyses derived from these data after the data have been retrieved from the Agency's website(s).

OpenFEMA NFIP Redacted Claims v3, refreshed August 4, 2026. NOAA Storm Events through 2026.

River crests

Most severe crest

July 1, 1951

Solomon River near Glasco, 40.20 ft

18.20 feet above the 22.0 ft flood stage; major flooding by today’s categories.

Most recent moderate or major crest

July 28, 2020

Buffalo Creek (KS River Basin) at Jamestown, 19.82 ft

Moderate flooding.

Highest river crests above flood stage
Jul 1, 1951Solomon River near Glasco40.20+18.20Major
Jun 1, 1941Solomon River near Glasco37.40+15.40Major
Jun 12, 1951Solomon River near Glasco37.40+15.40Major
May 12, 1935Solomon River near Glasco36.90+14.90Major
May 25, 1961Solomon River near Glasco36.22+14.22Major
Jun 30, 1957Solomon River near Glasco36.10+14.10Major
Sep 14, 1961Solomon River near Glasco35.20+13.20Major
Jun 9, 1961Solomon River near Glasco32.70+10.70Moderate
Sep 12, 2003Solomon River near Glasco32.56+10.56Moderate
Mar 29, 1960Solomon River near Glasco31.97+9.97Moderate
Jun 2, 2011Elk Creek (KS) at Clyde23.00+9.00Moderate
Jul 22, 1993Solomon River near Glasco30.85+8.85Moderate
Jun 2, 1935Republican River at Concordia23.00+8.00Moderate
Oct 11, 1973Solomon River near Glasco29.70+7.70Moderate
Jun 27, 2020Solomon River near Glasco27.84+5.84Moderate
Jun 3, 2011Solomon River near Glasco27.75+5.75Moderate
Jun 25, 1947Republican River at Concordia19.90+4.90Moderate
May 27, 2011Solomon River near Glasco26.85+4.85Moderate
Jul 22, 1993Republican River at Concordia19.77+4.77Moderate
Jun 5, 1961Solomon River near Glasco26.23+4.23Moderate
Jun 21, 1915Republican River at Concordia19.10+4.10Moderate
Oct 12, 1973Republican River at Concordia18.98+3.98Moderate
May 24, 1999Solomon River near Glasco25.92+3.92Moderate
Jul 28, 2020Buffalo Creek (KS River Basin) at Jamestown19.82+3.82Moderate
Feb 4, 1943Republican River at Concordia18.80+3.80Moderate

River gauges

River gauges and their highest listed crests
Buffalo Creek (KS River Basin) at Jamestown16.019.82 ftJul 28, 20200
Elk Creek (KS) at Clyde14.023.00 ftJun 2, 20110
Republican River at Concordia15.023.00 ftJun 2, 19350
Solomon River near Glasco22.040.20 ftJul 1, 19517
  1. Crests are the highest and the recent crests the National Weather Service lists for each river gauge in the county that has a flood stage, not every flood. Flood categories use each gauge's current flood stages; crests from before levees, dams or channel changes may not be comparable. Crests measured on an old datum are left out of the rankings.

NOAA National Water Prediction Service gauge records, retrieved October 30, 2026.

Drought

In severe drought or worse for 254 of 1,581 months since 1895 (16%); the longest spell lasted 31 months.

254

Months in severe drought or worse since 1895

113

Months in extreme drought

16%

Share of all months, severe or worse

11

Drought reports to the Weather Service since 1996

Lowest reading

August 1934

−7.81, extreme drought

Longest severe spell

31 months

June 2022 to December 2024.

Latest month

September 2026

−3.71, severe drought

Months in severe drought or worse, by year 1895: 0 1896: 0 1897: 0 1898: 0 1899: 0 1900: 0 1901: 2 1902: 4 1903: 0 1904: 0 1905: 0 1906: 0 1907: 0 1908: 0 1909: 0 1910: 0 1911: 0 1912: 0 1913: 4 1914: 8 1915: 1 1916: 0 1917: 5 1918: 7 1919: 0 1920: 0 1921: 4 1922: 9 1923: 3 1924: 0 1925: 9 1926: 6 1927: 0 1928: 0 1929: 0 1930: 0 1931: 0 1932: 0 1933: 7 1934: 12 12 1935: 8 1936: 6 1937: 11 1938: 6 1939: 7 1940: 10 1941: 0 1942: 0 1943: 0 1944: 0 1945: 0 1946: 0 1947: 1 1948: 0 1949: 0 1950: 0 1951: 0 1952: 1 1953: 2 1954: 2 1955: 11 1956: 12 1957: 2 1958: 0 1959: 0 1960: 0 1961: 0 1962: 0 1963: 0 1964: 1 1965: 0 1966: 1 1967: 4 1968: 0 1969: 0 1970: 0 1971: 0 1972: 0 1973: 0 1974: 0 1975: 0 1976: 0 1977: 0 1978: 0 1979: 0 1980: 1 1981: 3 1982: 0 1983: 0 1984: 0 1985: 0 1986: 0 1987: 0 1988: 5 1989: 12 1990: 3 1991: 4 1992: 0 1993: 0 1994: 0 1995: 0 1996: 0 1997: 0 1998: 0 1999: 0 2000: 5 2001: 0 2002: 4 2003: 1 2004: 0 2005: 0 2006: 1 2007: 0 2008: 0 2009: 0 2010: 0 2011: 0 2012: 0 2013: 0 2014: 0 2015: 0 2016: 0 2017: 0 2018: 0 2019: 0 2020: 0 2021: 0 2022: 9 2023: 12 2024: 12 2025: 9 18951905191519251935194519551965197519851995200520152025
Months each year with a Palmer index of −3 or lower, 1895 to 2025. Twelve means the whole year.
  1. The Palmer Drought Severity Index is computed by NOAA each month from the county's average temperature and precipitation, relative to the county's own climate. Zero is normal; -3 or lower is severe drought and -4 or lower extreme drought. It describes the long-term balance of moisture, not water supply or crop losses.

NOAA NCEI nClimDiv county Palmer Drought Severity Index, 1895 to September 2026, issued October 6, 2026.

Earthquakes

5 earthquakes of magnitude 4 or more within 50 miles since 1900; the largest was magnitude 4.3 in 2021.

0

Magnitude 2.5+ inside the county since 1973

70

Magnitude 3+ within 50 miles since 1973

5

Magnitude 4+ within 50 miles since 1900

0

Magnitude 5+ within 50 miles since 1900

Largest within 50 miles

December 8, 2021

Magnitude 4.3

6 km SSW of Gypsum, Kansas; 45.3 miles away, 1.9 miles deep.

Most recent, magnitude 3 or more

March 1, 2026

Magnitude 4.1

4 km E of Cowles, Nebraska; 43.8 miles away.

Earthquakes of magnitude 3 or more within 50 miles, by year 1973: 0 1974: 0 1975: 0 1976: 0 1977: 0 1978: 0 1979: 1 1980: 0 1981: 0 1982: 0 1983: 0 1984: 0 1985: 0 1986: 0 1987: 0 1988: 0 1989: 0 1990: 0 1991: 0 1992: 0 1993: 0 1994: 0 1995: 0 1996: 0 1997: 0 1998: 0 1999: 0 2000: 0 2001: 0 2002: 0 2003: 0 2004: 0 2005: 0 2006: 0 2007: 0 2008: 0 2009: 0 2010: 0 2011: 0 2012: 0 2013: 1 2014: 0 2015: 0 2016: 1 2017: 10 2018: 0 2019: 2 2020: 7 2021: 21 21 2022: 6 2023: 8 2024: 1 2025: 10 19731978198319881993199820032008201320182023
Per year, 1973 to 2025.

Every earthquake of magnitude 4 or more within 50 miles

Earthquakes of magnitude 4 or more within 50 miles
Mar 1, 20264.143.82.94 km E of Cowles, Nebraska
Nov 10, 20234.022.43.14 km NW of Bennington, Kansas
Dec 15, 20214.042.71.91 km SSW of Gypsum, Kansas
Dec 8, 20214.345.31.96 km SSW of Gypsum, Kansas
Jan 7, 19064.146.5—Near Manhattan, Kansas
  1. Earthquakes of magnitude 2.5 or more in the USGS Comprehensive Catalog since 1900. Within 50 miles means the epicentre lies within 50 miles of the county boundary (or inside the county).
  2. Small earthquakes were under-recorded before the modern seismic networks of the 1970s and are still missed in remote areas, so early decades read low. Magnitudes are as the catalogue reports them and mix scales (moment, local and body-wave).

USGS ANSS Comprehensive Earthquake Catalog, 1900 to present, retrieved October 30, 2026.

Severe weather and other events

903 events in the National Weather Service record, 655 of them since 1996.

268

Hail reports, 1 inch or larger

30

Hail, 2 inches or larger

264

Damaging gusts, 58 mph+

71

Winter weather events since 1996

14

Heat events since 1996

11

Cold events since 1996

Largest hail

May 9, 1996

4.50 inches

Strongest measured or estimated gust

July 8, 1992

104 mph

More event types since 1996

Other Storm Events types since 1996
Lightning200Jul 5, 2001
Dense fog and smoke700Aug 25, 2007

Costliest events since 1996

  1. May 29, 2004Tornado$2.1 million
    National Weather Service narrative

    A tornado touched down 4 miles westnorthwest of Jamestown and moved eastnorteast before dissipating 3 miles northnorthwest of Jamestown. Large trees and power poles were downed. A number of farms along the route had significant damage.

  2. May 29, 2004Tornado$175,000
    National Weather Service narrative

    A tornado touched down in rural areas near Jamestown. The tornado destroyed one house and heavily damaged three others along its 4 mile path. Two sheds were flattened, one of which fell onto two pickup trucks destroying both vehicles. Many power lines were downed. Some irrigation units were toppled.

  3. Jul 31, 2007Flash Flood$50,000
    National Weather Service narrative

    Water six inches deep reported to be flowing across 260th road. Several other rural roads in the Clyde area water covered or barricaded. Coop observer reported nearly 6 inches of rain.

  4. Jul 22, 1996Thunderstorm Wind$30,000
    National Weather Service narrative

    An extended period of strong thunderstorm winds downed numerous large trees, tree limbs and power lines. Strong winds also snapped several power poles and knocked down several road signs. Strong winds tore the roof off one building and layed it onto an adjacent street. A window was shattered in another building. At the fair grounds a trailer was flipped over.

  5. May 29, 2004Thunderstorm Wind$30,000
    National Weather Service narrative

    Strong thunderstorm winds damaged a 40 foot by 80 foot shop building in Jamestown.

  6. Feb 29, 2004Thunderstorm Wind$28,000
    National Weather Service narrative

    strong winds destroyed several outbuildings and a shed at a farmstead. A shed and pickup camper in it were also destroyed.

  7. Jun 12, 2004Hail$23,000
    National Weather Service narrative

    Large hail damed power transformers doing extensive damage.

  8. Mar 23, 2009High Wind, Cloud$20,000
    National Weather Service narrative

    The middle school roof in Concordia was partially blown off. The Sonic drive through bay was blown over into the Super 8 Motel. Marquee Place Nursing Home roof was damaged.

  9. May 22, 2004Thunderstorm Wind$15,000
    National Weather Service narrative

    Strong thunderstorm winds ripped shingles off houses and downed trees in a 4 mile path near Concordia.

  10. Jul 15, 2011Thunderstorm Wind$10,000
    National Weather Service narrative

    Near Clyde, a front porch was ripped off of a new construction home. Also half of a tin roof was ripped off, brick and mortar cracked on all four corners of house, and some rafters cracked and split. A 53 foot trailer was blown onto its side with all the contents spilled-out. Windows were blown out of an old house with steel rod posts and pipes sheered off. The barn roof was lifted up and rafters were broken in the metal shed. The ASOS station at Concordia measured a 67 mph wind gust prior to most of the damage occurring.

  1. Storm Events records before 1996 cover only tornadoes, thunderstorm wind and hail. Damage figures are as reported by the National Weather Service at the time, not adjusted for inflation.

NOAA NCEI Storm Events Database, 1950 to 2026, issued October 26, 2026.

Weather records

From Concordia Asos, 1.4 miles from the county’s population centre, with records from 1885.

All-time high
116°FAug 12, 1936
All-time low
−33°FJan 8, 1886
Warmest night
86°FJul 1, 1933
Coldest day
−11°FJan 14, 1888
Wettest day
5.07 inJun 9, 1967
Snowiest day
13.2 inFeb 11, 1965
Hottest year
1934mean 57.8°F
Coldest year
1993mean 51.0°F
Wettest year
199344.79 in
Driest year
198814.54 in
Average monthly high and low temperature and precipitation, last 30 years, Concordia Asos 32°F 39° 19° 0.7 Jan 44° 22° 0.8 Feb 56° 32° 1.4 Mar 66° 42° 2.5 Apr 76° 53° 4.3 May 87° 64° 3.5 Jun 91° 68° 3.5 Jul 89° 66° 3.4 Aug 82° 58° 2.8 Sep 69° 45° 2.0 Oct 55° 32° 1.2 Nov 42° 22° 1.0 Dec Precipitation, inches
Average daily high and low by month, and average monthly precipitation, over the last 30 years.
Days reaching 95°F per year 1976: 34 1977: 18 1978: 32 1979: 20 1980: 56 56 1981: 15 1982: 16 1983: 46 1984: 27 1985: 22 1986: 14 1987: 26 1988: 38 1989: 16 1990: 36 1991: 34 1992: 2 1993: 10 1994: 12 1995: 21 1996: 14 1997: 14 1998: 30 1999: 13 2000: 53 2001: 26 2002: 47 2003: 40 2004: 13 2005: 24 2006: 32 2007: 26 2008: 7 2009: 11 2010: 30 2011: 30 2012: 39 2013: 20 2014: 15 2015: 19 2016: 21 2017: 22 2018: 23 2019: 13 2020: 30 2021: 30 2022: 42 2023: 34 2024: 32 2025: 21 19761986199620062016
Days reaching 95°F each complete year, last 50 years. Thirty-year average: 25.7.

Station Concordia Asos (USW00013984), 1,458 ft elevation, 1.4 miles from the population centre. Daily records from 1885 to October 26, 2026; 99.9% of days in the last 30 years are complete. Records at a single station can differ from a city’s official threaded record, which may combine several stations.

NOAA NCEI Global Historical Climatology Network Daily.

Federal disaster declarations

16 since 1953. The most recent: Severe Winter Storm, April 28, 2024.

Federal disaster declarations
Apr 28, 2024Winter StormSevere Winter StormMajor disasterDR-4774-KS
Feb 17, 2022Severe StormSevere Storms and Straight Line WindsMajor disasterDR-4640-KS
Mar 29, 2020BiologicalCovid-19 PandemicMajor disasterDR-4504-KS
Mar 13, 2020BiologicalCovid-19EmergencyEM-3481-KS
Jun 20, 2019Severe StormSevere Storms, Straight-Line Winds, Tornadoes, Flooding,Landslides,and MudslidesMajor disasterDR-4449-KS
Jul 20, 2015Severe StormSevere Storms, Tornadoes, Straight-Line Winds, and FloodingMajor disasterDR-4230-KS
Oct 22, 2013Severe StormSevere Storms, Straight-Line Winds, Tornadoes, and FloodingMajor disasterDR-4150-KS
Jul 29, 2011Severe StormSevere Storms, Straight-Line Winds, Tornadoes, and FloodingMajor disasterDR-4010-KS
Aug 10, 2010Severe StormSevere Storms, Flooding, and TornadoesMajor disasterDR-1932-KS
Feb 1, 2008Severe StormSevere Winter StormsMajor disasterDR-1741-KS
Dec 12, 2007Severe StormSevere Winter StormsEmergencyEM-3282-KS
May 6, 2007Severe StormSevere Storms, Tornadoes, and FloodingMajor disasterDR-1699-KS
Sep 10, 2005HurricaneHurricane Katrina EvacuationEmergencyEM-3236-KS
Jul 22, 1993FloodSevere Storms & FloodingMajor disasterDR-1000-KS
Sep 28, 1973Severe StormSevere Storms, Tornadoes & FloodingMajor disasterDR-403-KS
Jul 18, 1967TornadoTornadoes, Severe Storms & FloodingMajor disasterDR-229-KS

This product uses the Federal Emergency Management Agency's OpenFEMA API, but is not endorsed by FEMA. The Federal Government or FEMA cannot vouch for the data or analyses derived from these data after the data have been retrieved from the Agency's website(s).

OpenFEMA Disaster Declarations Summaries, retrieved October 30, 2026. Statewide declarations are not listed.

How this compares

Where Cloud County stands among 105 counties in Kansas and 3,143 in the United States.

Ranks
Tornadoes since 19505333 / 105348 / 3,143
Tornadoes rated F3/EF3 or stronger526 / 105242 / 3,143
Tropical cyclones within 50 mi0——
Hurricane-strength passes within 50 mi0——
Wildfire acres since 19840——
Flood insurance claims262 / 1052,727 / 3,143
Flood insurance paid$35,00051 / 1052,564 / 3,143
Disaster declarations1668 / 1052,158 / 3,143
Flood events since 19962396 / 1052,374 / 3,143
Hail and wind events since 199649758 / 105462 / 3,143
Winter storm events since 19967149 / 1051,434 / 3,143
Reported damage since 1996$2.5 million89 / 1052,689 / 3,143
River crests at major flood stage710 / 105687 / 3,143
High tide flooding days a year, last 10 years0.0——
Months in severe drought since 18952541 / 10587 / 3,143
Medium or heavy smoke days a year, last 10 years25.016 / 105653 / 3,143
Earthquakes M4+ within 50 mi since 1900519 / 105678 / 3,143
Earthquakes M2.5+ in the county since 19730——

Neighbouring counties

Neighbouring counties
Clay County46005
Jewell County43010,7661
Mitchell County520016
Ottawa County3601,39339
Republic County72009
Washington County4201,2962

Sources and vintage

Every number on this page comes from these public records.

  • Tornadoes NOAA Storm Prediction Center severe weather database, through 2025.
  • Tropical cyclones NOAA National Hurricane Center HURDAT2 (Atlantic; Northeast and Central Pacific), through 2025.
  • Wildfire USGS/USFS Monitoring Trends in Burn Severity, through 2026.
  • Storm events NOAA NCEI Storm Events Database, through 2026.
  • Flood insurance OpenFEMA NFIP Redacted Claims v3, refreshed August 4, 2026.
  • Declarations OpenFEMA Disaster Declarations Summaries v2, retrieved October 30, 2026.
  • Weather records NOAA NCEI Global Historical Climatology Network Daily, station USW00013984.
  • River crests NOAA National Weather Service, National Water Prediction Service river gauges, retrieved October 30, 2026.
  • Drought NOAA NCEI nClimDiv county Palmer Drought Severity Index, through September 2026.
  • Smoke NOAA NESDIS Hazard Mapping System smoke analysis, retrieved October 30, 2026.
  • Earthquakes USGS ANSS Comprehensive Earthquake Catalog (ComCat), retrieved October 30, 2026.

Joins, thresholds and known limits are set out in the methodology. Found an error? Report it. Page built October 30, 2026.