Marshall County

Population 16,255 (2025) 372 sq mi

Marshall County has recorded 38 tornadoes since 1950, 68th most of 77 counties in Oklahoma; the most recent was on April 19, 2025.

Hazard fingerprint for Marshall County Tornado: 96th percentile. Tropical: 34th percentile. Wildfire: 2th percentile. Flood: 29th percentile. Hail & wind: 66th percentile. Heat: 96th percentile. Cold: 46th percentile. Winter: 21th percentile. TORTROPFIREFLOODSEVEREHEATCOLDWINTER

Hazard fingerprint Each spoke is this county’s percentile among U.S. counties where that hazard occurs. How it is computed

2026
  • Tornado damage paths since 195038
  • Tropical cyclone tracks within 100 miles since 1851, wider where stronger3
  • Wildfire burn scars since 19841

At a glance

The record for Marshall County in eight numbers. Each links to its section below.

Tornadoes since 1950

38

68th of 77 in Oklahoma

Fewer than the typical Oklahoma county, which has had 63

Details

Tropical cyclones within 50 mi

3

2nd of 77 in Oklahoma

None at hurricane strength since 1851

Details

Flood insurance claims

8

49th of 77 in Oklahoma

$23,000 paid since 1990

Details

Acres burned since 1984

83

73rd of 77 in Oklahoma

1 large fire; the largest was Rocky Point, 2013

Details

Strongest tornado

F4

April 2, 1957, 5.2 mile path

Strongest tropical cyclone

TS

Tropical storm (unnamed), 1900, 47.6 miles away

Largest earthquake within 50 mi

4.5magnitude

September 6, 1997, 36.0 miles away

Details

Federal disaster declarations

18

Most recent: Severe Winter Storms, 2021

Details

Tornadoes

About one every 2 years since 1950, 4 of them rated F3/EF3 or stronger.

Strongest

April 2, 1957

F4, 5.2 mile path

200 yards wide; 2 killed along the whole path.

Most recent

Saturday, April 19, 2025

EF2, 3.0 mile path

Within the past year.

Tornadoes by decade Doppler radar era² 1950s: 4 4 1960s: 6 6 1970s: 3 3 1980s: 2 2 1990s: 7 7 2000s: 2 2 2010s: 6 6 2020s: 8 8 1950s1960s1970s1980s1990s2000s2010s2020s
Recorded tornadoes per decade. The 2020s are incomplete.
Tornadoes by month J: 0 F: 1 M: 5 A: 12 M: 17 17 J: 0 J: 1 A: 0 S: 0 O: 1 N: 1 D: 0 JFMAMJJASOND
By month of occurrence, all years.

Every recorded tornado

Tornadoes in Marshall County since 1950
Apr 19, 2025EF23.05000
Apr 19, 2025EF110.050000
Mar 21, 2022EF02.62000
Mar 21, 2022EF110.120000
Mar 21, 2022EF25.1200111
Apr 22, 2020EF01.45000
Apr 22, 2020EF24.240012
Apr 22, 2020EFU0.25000
May 21, 2019EFU0.52000
May 9, 2015EF03.020000
Jul 26, 2013EF00.11000
Apr 14, 2011EF114.030000
May 10, 2010EF00.64000
May 10, 2010EF00.74000
May 8, 2003F27.030000
May 6, 2001F10.12500
May 26, 1997F00.12300
May 26, 1997F00.12300
May 26, 1997F00.12300
May 26, 1997F00.12300
May 25, 1997F00.12300
May 11, 1992F02.05000
May 11, 1992F22.0100130
Nov 15, 1987F13.24000
Apr 29, 1984F12.01000
Apr 11, 1979F20.11000
Oct 30, 1974F10.55000
Mar 12, 1971F341.625040
May 13, 1968F03.81000
May 13, 1968F10.11000
Apr 3, 1964F20.11000
Apr 3, 1964F20.512300
Apr 3, 1964F316.720010
May 18, 1960F00.310000
Mar 31, 1959F313.2600100
Apr 2, 1957F45.220062
Feb 19, 1953F10.11000
May 9, 1951F214.810010
  1. Injuries and deaths are for the tornado’s whole path, which may extend beyond the county. Deaths recorded within Marshall County: 4.
  2. Weak tornadoes were under-recorded before Doppler radar coverage became national in the early 1990s, so earlier decades read low. Ratings use the Fujita scale before February 2007 and the Enhanced Fujita scale after.

Storm Prediction Center severe weather database, 1950 to 2025.

Hurricanes and tropical storms

3 passed within 50 miles since 1851; none at hurricane strength.

Strongest within 50 miles

September 10, 1900

Unnamed storm, Tropical storm

47.6 miles at closest approach, winds near 48 mph.

Most recent

September 13, 1961

Carla, Tropical storm

6.7 miles at closest approach.

Every storm within 100 miles

Tropical cyclones within 100 miles
Carla19616.7Tropical storm40Category 4
Unnamed190228.4Tropical storm40Category 1
Unnamed190047.6Tropical storm48Category 4
  1. Tropical storms and hurricanes (34 kt or more, still tropical) at closest approach. Post-tropical remnants with gale-force winds are listed but not counted. Direct: track within 50 miles; near: within 100 miles. Distance is measured to the county boundary for counties and to the city centre for cities, using positions interpolated hourly between HURDAT2 fixes.

National Hurricane Center HURDAT2, 1851 to 2025.

Wildfire and smoke

83 acres burned in 1 large fire since 1984, equal to 0.0% of the land.

Largest

March 3, 2013

Rocky Point Fire, 3,162 acres

83 acres inside Marshall County.

Most recent

March 3, 2013

Rocky Point Fire

3,162 acres in total.

Acres burned since 1984, cumulative 2013: 83 83 acres 198519901995200020052010201520202025
Running total of acres burned inside the county (line) and each year’s acres (bars).

Every large fire

Large wildfires since 1984
Rocky Point2013833,162
  1. Large fires mapped by the Monitoring Trends in Burn Severity program since 1984: 1,000 acres or more in the West, 500 or more in the East. Prescribed burns are excluded. Acres here are the part of each perimeter inside this place.

Monitoring Trends in Burn Severity (USGS and U.S. Forest Service), 1984 to 2026.

Smoke overhead

Smokiest year

2023: 36 days

Heavy smoke on 9 days in 2020, the most of any year.

Last 10 years

14.4 days a year

Medium or heavy smoke, 2016 to 2025.

2025

6 days

Medium or heavy smoke. 19 so far in 2026.

Days with medium or heavy smoke overhead, by year 2011: 14 2012: 12 2013: 10 2014: 2 2015: 6 2016: 1 2017: 7 2018: 6 2019: 2 2020: 15 2021: 31 2022: 22 2023: 36 36 2024: 18 2025: 6 201120122013201420152016201720182019202020212022202320242025
Days each year on which a satellite-traced plume of medium or heavy smoke covered the county’s population centre, 2011 to 2025.
  1. A smoke day is a date on which a smoke plume traced by NOAA Hazard Mapping System analysts from satellite imagery covered this place's point (the county's population centre or the city centre). Counts here are of medium or heavy smoke. Since 2018 analysts have often drawn light smoke as one area over most of the continent, so light-smoke counts are not comparable from year to year. The plumes show smoke anywhere in the air above, not air quality at the ground, and smoke hidden by cloud is missed.

NOAA Hazard Mapping System smoke analysis, 2011 to 2026, retrieved October 30, 2026.

Floods and flood insurance

8 federal flood insurance claims since 1990, with $23,000 paid.

Federal flood insurance claims by year
Claims per year since 1990. Years with fewer than five claims are not shown.

Flood events since 1996

  • Flash Flood14
  • Flood1

This product uses the Federal Emergency Management Agency's OpenFEMA API, but is not endorsed by FEMA. The Federal Government or FEMA cannot vouch for the data or analyses derived from these data after the data have been retrieved from the Agency's website(s).

OpenFEMA NFIP Redacted Claims v3, refreshed August 4, 2026. NOAA Storm Events through 2026.

Drought

In severe drought or worse for 162 of 1,581 months since 1895 (10%); the longest spell lasted 25 months.

162

Months in severe drought or worse since 1895

61

Months in extreme drought

10%

Share of all months, severe or worse

85

Drought reports to the Weather Service since 1996

Lowest reading

September 1956

−6.66, extreme drought

Longest severe spell

25 months

February 1910 to February 1912.

Latest month

September 2026

−2.93, moderate drought

Last severe month: October 2022.

Months in severe drought or worse, by year 1895: 0 1896: 6 1897: 1 1898: 0 1899: 0 1900: 0 1901: 3 1902: 8 1903: 0 1904: 0 1905: 0 1906: 0 1907: 0 1908: 0 1909: 5 1910: 11 1911: 12 12 1912: 2 1913: 4 1914: 0 1915: 0 1916: 0 1917: 1 1918: 7 1919: 0 1920: 0 1921: 0 1922: 0 1923: 0 1924: 0 1925: 11 1926: 0 1927: 0 1928: 0 1929: 0 1930: 0 1931: 1 1932: 0 1933: 0 1934: 4 1935: 0 1936: 1 1937: 0 1938: 1 1939: 4 1940: 3 1941: 0 1942: 0 1943: 0 1944: 0 1945: 0 1946: 0 1947: 0 1948: 0 1949: 0 1950: 0 1951: 0 1952: 5 1953: 3 1954: 1 1955: 0 1956: 12 1957: 2 1958: 0 1959: 0 1960: 0 1961: 0 1962: 0 1963: 5 1964: 4 1965: 0 1966: 0 1967: 3 1968: 0 1969: 0 1970: 0 1971: 0 1972: 0 1973: 0 1974: 0 1975: 0 1976: 0 1977: 0 1978: 3 1979: 0 1980: 4 1981: 0 1982: 0 1983: 0 1984: 0 1985: 0 1986: 0 1987: 0 1988: 0 1989: 0 1990: 0 1991: 0 1992: 0 1993: 0 1994: 0 1995: 0 1996: 0 1997: 0 1998: 5 1999: 0 2000: 0 2001: 0 2002: 0 2003: 0 2004: 0 2005: 1 2006: 8 2007: 0 2008: 1 2009: 3 2010: 0 2011: 6 2012: 3 2013: 4 2014: 0 2015: 0 2016: 0 2017: 0 2018: 0 2019: 0 2020: 0 2021: 0 2022: 4 2023: 0 2024: 0 2025: 0 18951905191519251935194519551965197519851995200520152025
Months each year with a Palmer index of −3 or lower, 1895 to 2025. Twelve means the whole year.
  1. The Palmer Drought Severity Index is computed by NOAA each month from the county's average temperature and precipitation, relative to the county's own climate. Zero is normal; -3 or lower is severe drought and -4 or lower extreme drought. It describes the long-term balance of moisture, not water supply or crop losses.

NOAA NCEI nClimDiv county Palmer Drought Severity Index, 1895 to September 2026, issued October 6, 2026.

Earthquakes

1 earthquake of magnitude 4 or more within 50 miles since 1900; the largest was magnitude 4.5 in 1997.

7

Magnitude 2.5+ inside the county since 1973

44

Magnitude 3+ within 50 miles since 1973

1

Magnitude 4+ within 50 miles since 1900

0

Magnitude 5+ within 50 miles since 1900

Largest within 50 miles

September 6, 1997

Magnitude 4.5

6 km N of Tupelo, Oklahoma; 36.0 miles away, 3.1 miles deep.

Most recent, magnitude 3 or more

March 1, 2026

Magnitude 3.3

7 km SE of Ratliff City, Oklahoma; 31.8 miles away.

Earthquakes of magnitude 3 or more within 50 miles, by year 1973: 0 1974: 0 1975: 2 1976: 0 1977: 0 1978: 0 1979: 0 1980: 0 1981: 0 1982: 1 1983: 0 1984: 1 1985: 1 1986: 0 1987: 0 1988: 0 1989: 0 1990: 0 1991: 0 1992: 0 1993: 0 1994: 0 1995: 1 1996: 0 1997: 1 1998: 0 1999: 0 2000: 0 2001: 0 2002: 2 2003: 0 2004: 1 2005: 0 2006: 2 2007: 0 2008: 0 2009: 2 2010: 4 2011: 0 2012: 0 2013: 8 8 2014: 5 2015: 0 2016: 1 2017: 0 2018: 8 2019: 0 2020: 0 2021: 0 2022: 0 2023: 0 2024: 2 2025: 0 19731978198319881993199820032008201320182023
Per year, 1973 to 2025.

Every earthquake of magnitude 4 or more within 50 miles

Earthquakes of magnitude 4 or more within 50 miles
Sep 6, 19974.536.03.16 km N of Tupelo, Oklahoma
  1. Earthquakes of magnitude 2.5 or more in the USGS Comprehensive Catalog since 1900. Within 50 miles means the epicentre lies within 50 miles of the county boundary (or inside the county).
  2. Small earthquakes were under-recorded before the modern seismic networks of the 1970s and are still missed in remote areas, so early decades read low. Magnitudes are as the catalogue reports them and mix scales (moment, local and body-wave).

USGS ANSS Comprehensive Earthquake Catalog, 1900 to present, retrieved October 30, 2026.

Severe weather and other events

643 events in the National Weather Service record, 474 of them since 1996.

128

Hail reports, 1 inch or larger

15

Hail, 2 inches or larger

93

Damaging gusts, 58 mph+

31

Winter weather events since 1996

99

Heat events since 1996

9

Cold events since 1996

Largest hail

March 24, 1963

2.75 inches

Strongest measured or estimated gust

March 4, 2025

104 mph

More event types since 1996

Other Storm Events types since 1996
Lightning213Jul 26, 2025
Dust storms and dust devils100Feb 24, 2001
Dense fog and smoke905Nov 9, 2007

Costliest events since 1996

  1. Feb 9, 2001Thunderstorm Wind$10.0 million
    National Weather Service narrative

    Eight boathouses were sunk, and forty boats were damaged at Catfish Bay Marina on Lake Texoma. Nearly one-third of a 300 boat-slip and several nearby cabins were also heavily damaged. One man was killed when the boat he was on capsized and sank.

  2. Dec 26, 2000Ice Storm, Marshall$1.1 million
    National Weather Service narrative

    A major winter storm developed during the evening of the 25th across all of western, central, and southeast Oklahoma, with significant accumulations of snow and ice beginning shortly after 0000 CST on the 26th. Mainly snow fell across northwest Oklahoma with accumulations between 8 and 12 inches reported across northern Beckham, Roger Mills, and southern Ellis Counties. Snow amounts varied widely across the rest of northwest Oklahoma with 4 to 8 inches falling across portions of Dewey and Custer Counties, and only 1 to 2 inches across Woods and Alfalfa Counties, however even in areas where snow amounts were light, significant disruptions in travel and power outages were reported.A…

  3. Apr 22, 2020Tornado$500,000
    National Weather Service narrative

    The Madill tornado initially developed near State Highway 99C and west of Breezy Hill Road. The tornado moved east-northeast along and just north of Highway 99C and then crossed US-377 and moved through the southern portion of the city of Madill. The tornado turned east-southeast and dissipated about 2 miles southeast of the center of Madill. EF2 damage was noted to houses and industrial buildings in the south part of Madill and to power poles along the path.||Heavy damage occurred at J and I Manufacturing just southwest of Madill and the Oklahoma Steel and Wire on the southeast side of Madill. One person was ejected from his car and killed near the intersection of Highway 377 and…

  4. Mar 21, 2022Tornado$500,000
    National Weather Service narrative

    The first area of damage was noted about 2 miles south of Kingston where a house received significant roof damage. The tornado moved northeast crossing US-70 in the far eastern portion of Kingston where a number of homes and businesses were significantly damaged, including metal buildings where roof and wall panels were pulled from the building. Tree damage continued to the northeast and debris from the structures on US-70 fell in areas to the northeast as the tornado approached the northwestern arm of Lake Texoma. Damage to trees, outbuildings and a couple of homes continued as the tornado approached Little City. Widespread tree and structure damage occurred in Little City,…

  5. Mar 21, 2022Tornado$500,000
    National Weather Service narrative

    This tornado initially developed in Grayson County Texas (see Storm Data for North Central Texas from NWS Fort Worth), and crossed Lake Texoma into Marshall County Oklahoma. After moving off Lake Texoma, this tornado damaged a number of homes and mobile homes in the Buncombe Creek community with EF2 damage noted in this area. The tornado continued northeast and damaged an outbuilding and trees near Little Road before dissipating.

  6. Apr 19, 2025Tornado$300,000
    National Weather Service narrative

    A tornado moved northeast across southwestern Marshall County, forming near the Red River and passed west of Kingston before dissipating south of Madill. A few homes suffered roof damage along the path, and many trees and power poles were damaged.

  7. Apr 19, 2025Tornado$200,000
    National Weather Service narrative

    A barn was damaged along State Highway 199 east of Madill. A home suffered significant damage and an outbuilding was destroyed along Four Corners Road.

  8. Apr 23, 2008Thunderstorm Wind$100,000
    National Weather Service narrative

    High winds in the wake of thunderstorms in north Texas caused widespread damage at the Soldier Creek Resort and Marina. Winds estimated at 80 mph created waves as high as eight feet tall. Three boats were sunk, with another 30 damaged. The resort boat dock and structures were significantly damaged. Four of the 30 boat houses were destroyed. Several 40 foot oak trees were uprooted, and several homes also damaged. Monetary damages were estimated.

  9. May 18, 2025High Wind, Marshall$100,000
    National Weather Service narrative

    Non-thunderstorm wind damage occurred in the community of Kingston, including roof damage to Kingston High School, as well as downed trees and power lines. A wake low was likely responsible for this event. The event time is approximate.

  10. May 8, 2003Tornado$100,000
    National Weather Service narrative

    This strong F2 tornado is the final of three Oklahoma tornadoes produced by a supercell that moved across south central Oklahoma. The tornado was seen by spotters touching down approximately a mile east of the Carter-Marshall county line. The tornado then moved northeast before dissipating north of Antioch. The most significant damage was sustained in an area about three miles west of Antioch along Highway 70. A wood frame home lost its roof and two walls. Two barns also lost roofs in this area. A forty foot by one hundred foot barn south of Highway 70 was heavily damaged. Three tractors were also damaged. One of the tractors was hooked up to a hay baler and was moved 100 yards.

  1. Storm Events records before 1996 cover only tornadoes, thunderstorm wind and hail. Damage figures are as reported by the National Weather Service at the time, not adjusted for inflation.

NOAA NCEI Storm Events Database, 1950 to 2026, issued October 26, 2026.

Weather records

From Sherman, 22.6 miles from the county’s population centre, with records from 1897.

All-time high
113°FAug 10, 1936
All-time low
−3°FFeb 16, 2021
Warmest night
87°F2 times, most recently Aug 1, 1904
Coldest day
9°FFeb 15, 2021
Wettest day
8.40 inAug 28, 1920
Snowiest day
7.0 inJan 16, 1964
Hottest year
1921mean 68.0°F
Coldest year
1983mean 60.7°F
Wettest year
201577.40 in
Driest year
196318.63 in
Average monthly high and low temperature and precipitation, last 30 years, Sherman 32°F 53° 33° 2.5 Jan 57° 36° 2.5 Feb 66° 45° 3.8 Mar 73° 53° 4.4 Apr 80° 61° 5.8 May 88° 70° 4.6 Jun 93° 73° 2.6 Jul 93° 73° 3.0 Aug 87° 66° 2.9 Sep 76° 55° 4.6 Oct 65° 44° 3.1 Nov 55° 36° 3.1 Dec Precipitation, inches
Average daily high and low by month, and average monthly precipitation, over the last 30 years.
Days reaching 95°F per year 1975: 32 1976: 28 1977: 62 1978: 61 1979: 32 1980: 96 96 1981: 48 1982: 35 1983: 39 1984: 46 1985: 58 1986: 40 1987: 38 1988: 51 1989: 24 1990: 56 1991: 33 1992: 17 1993: 32 1994: 9 1995: 27 1996: 19 1997: 29 1998: 77 1999: 42 2000: 46 2001: 21 2002: 14 2003: 36 2004: 6 2005: 41 2006: 51 2007: 5 2009: 22 2010: 30 2011: 80 2012: 44 2013: 43 2014: 18 2015: 32 2016: 22 2017: 11 2018: 37 2019: 22 2020: 19 2021: 16 2022: 62 2023: 52 2024: 36 19751985199520052016
Days reaching 95°F each complete year, last 50 years. Thirty-year average: 33.1.

Station Sherman (USC00418274), 760 ft elevation, 22.6 miles from the population centre. Daily records from 1897 to October 22, 2026; 96.7% of days in the last 30 years are complete. Records at a single station can differ from a city’s official threaded record, which may combine several stations.

NOAA NCEI Global Historical Climatology Network Daily.

Federal disaster declarations

18 since 1953. The most recent: Severe Winter Storms, February 24, 2021.

Federal disaster declarations
Feb 24, 2021Severe Ice StormSevere Winter StormsMajor disasterDR-4587-OK
Feb 17, 2021Severe Ice StormSevere Winter StormEmergencyEM-3555-OK
Apr 5, 2020BiologicalCovid-19 PandemicMajor disasterDR-4530-OK
Mar 13, 2020BiologicalCovid-19EmergencyEM-3462-OK
May 26, 2015Severe StormSevere Storms, Tornadoes, Straight-Line Winds, and FloodingMajor disasterDR-4222-OK
Feb 2, 2011Severe StormSevere Winter StormEmergencyEM-3316-OK
Jan 30, 2010Severe StormSevere Winter StormEmergencyEM-3308-OK
Dec 10, 2007Severe Ice StormSevere Winter StormsEmergencyEM-3280-OK
Jul 7, 2007Severe StormSevere Storms, Flooding, and TornadoesMajor disasterDR-1712-OK
Jan 14, 2007Severe Ice StormSevere Winter Storms and FloodingEmergencyEM-3272-OK
Jan 10, 2006FireExtreme Wildfire ThreatMajor disasterDR-1623-OK
Sep 5, 2005HurricaneHurricane Katrina EvacuationEmergencyEM-3219-OK
Jun 29, 2001Severe StormSevere Storms, Flooding, and TornadoesMajor disasterDR-1384-OK
Jan 5, 2001Severe Ice StormSevere Winter Ice StormMajor disasterDR-1355-OK
Dec 28, 2000Severe Ice StormSevere Winter and Ice StormEmergencyEM-3158-OK
May 12, 1993Severe StormSevere Storms, Tornadoes & FloodingMajor disasterDR-991-OK
May 18, 1990Severe StormSevere Storms, Tornadoes & FloodingMajor disasterDR-866-OK
Nov 4, 1981FloodSevere Storms & FloodingMajor disasterDR-649-OK

This product uses the Federal Emergency Management Agency's OpenFEMA API, but is not endorsed by FEMA. The Federal Government or FEMA cannot vouch for the data or analyses derived from these data after the data have been retrieved from the Agency's website(s).

OpenFEMA Disaster Declarations Summaries, retrieved October 30, 2026. Statewide declarations are not listed.

How this compares

Where Marshall County stands among 77 counties in Oklahoma and 3,143 in the United States.

Ranks
Tornadoes since 19503868 / 77701 / 3,143
Tornadoes rated F3/EF3 or stronger443 / 77387 / 3,143
Tropical cyclones within 50 mi32 / 771,131 / 3,143
Hurricane-strength passes within 50 mi0——
Wildfire acres since 19848373 / 771,483 / 3,143
Flood insurance claims849 / 772,410 / 3,143
Flood insurance paid$23,00065 / 772,624 / 3,143
Disaster declarations1876 / 771,866 / 3,143
Flood events since 19961571 / 772,715 / 3,143
Hail and wind events since 199620476 / 771,929 / 3,143
Winter storm events since 19963174 / 772,411 / 3,143
Reported damage since 1996$13.9 million53 / 771,739 / 3,143
River crests at major flood stage0——
High tide flooding days a year, last 10 years0.0——
Months in severe drought since 189516221 / 77699 / 3,143
Medium or heavy smoke days a year, last 10 years14.468 / 771,702 / 3,143
Earthquakes M4+ within 50 mi since 1900159 / 771,397 / 3,143
Earthquakes M2.5+ in the county since 1973733 / 77393 / 3,143

Neighbouring counties

Neighbouring counties
Bryan County3934,95726
Carter County662124,97384
Grayson County TX723880743
Johnston County45318,3724
Love County36325,1901

Sources and vintage

Every number on this page comes from these public records.

  • Tornadoes NOAA Storm Prediction Center severe weather database, through 2025.
  • Tropical cyclones NOAA National Hurricane Center HURDAT2 (Atlantic; Northeast and Central Pacific), through 2025.
  • Wildfire USGS/USFS Monitoring Trends in Burn Severity, through 2026.
  • Storm events NOAA NCEI Storm Events Database, through 2026.
  • Flood insurance OpenFEMA NFIP Redacted Claims v3, refreshed August 4, 2026.
  • Declarations OpenFEMA Disaster Declarations Summaries v2, retrieved October 30, 2026.
  • Weather records NOAA NCEI Global Historical Climatology Network Daily, station USC00418274.
  • River crests NOAA National Weather Service, National Water Prediction Service river gauges, retrieved October 30, 2026.
  • Drought NOAA NCEI nClimDiv county Palmer Drought Severity Index, through September 2026.
  • Smoke NOAA NESDIS Hazard Mapping System smoke analysis, retrieved October 30, 2026.
  • Earthquakes USGS ANSS Comprehensive Earthquake Catalog (ComCat), retrieved October 30, 2026.

Joins, thresholds and known limits are set out in the methodology. Found an error? Report it. Page built October 30, 2026.