Kernersville
Population 29,128 (2025)
13 tropical storms and hurricanes have passed within 50 miles of Kernersville since 1851; the strongest at closest approach was an unnamed storm in 1893 (Tropical storm).
Hazard fingerprint Each spoke is this county’s percentile among U.S. counties where that hazard occurs. How it is computed
- Tornado damage paths within 25 miles since 195058
- Tropical cyclone tracks within 100 miles since 1851, wider where stronger31
- Wildfire burn scars within 25 miles since 19841
- Major flood years since 1978, Forsyth County4
At a glance
Tornado paths within 25 miles, tropical cyclone tracks within 100 miles and wildfire perimeters within 25 miles of the city centre. Storm events, flood insurance claims and disaster declarations are for Forsyth County. Earthquakes within 50 miles, volcanoes within 100 miles and smoke days are measured from the city centre; river and tide gauges, tsunami and landslide records and the drought index are for Forsyth County.
Strongest tornado
F3
March 20, 1998, 12.0 mile path
Strongest tropical cyclone
TS
Tropical storm (unnamed), 1893, 1.8 miles away
Tornadoes
About one every 1.3 years since 1950, 6 of them rated F3/EF3 or stronger.
Strongest
March 20, 1998
F3, 12.0 mile path
300 yards wide; 2 killed along the whole path.
Most recent
Friday, May 6, 2022
EF1, 7.9 mile path
4 years ago.
Every recorded tornado
| May 6, 2022 | EF1 | 7.9 | 0 | 0 |
| Mar 18, 2021 | EF1 | 2.6 | 0 | 0 |
| Apr 15, 2018 | EF2 | 32.8 | 5 | 0 |
| May 24, 2017 | EF2 | 16.1 | 0 | 0 |
| Feb 3, 2016 | EF1 | 1.7 | 0 | 0 |
| Feb 3, 2016 | EF0 | 1.0 | 0 | 0 |
| Sep 21, 2013 | EF1 | 0.5 | 0 | 0 |
| Nov 16, 2011 | EF2 | 12.5 | 15 | 2 |
| Oct 27, 2010 | EF1 | 0.9 | 0 | 0 |
| Oct 26, 2010 | EF1 | 2.2 | 0 | 0 |
| Mar 28, 2010 | EF3 | 3.5 | 0 | 0 |
| Mar 28, 2010 | EF1 | 0.8 | 0 | 0 |
| May 3, 2009 | EF0 | 1.3 | 0 | 0 |
| May 8, 2008 | EF2 | 3.9 | 3 | 1 |
| May 8, 2008 | EF3 | 2.9 | 2 | 0 |
| May 8, 2008 | EF2 | 0.3 | 0 | 0 |
| May 8, 2008 | EF2 | 3.2 | 0 | 0 |
| Sep 14, 2007 | EF0 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 |
| Sep 14, 2007 | EF0 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 |
| Sep 14, 2007 | EF0 | 0.2 | 0 | 0 |
| Jul 7, 2005 | F0 | 5.0 | 0 | 0 |
| Jul 7, 2005 | F0 | 8.0 | 0 | 0 |
| Sep 17, 2004 | F1 | 15.3 | 0 | 0 |
| Jul 19, 2003 | F1 | 0.4 | 0 | 0 |
| May 7, 1998 | F1 | 1.5 | 0 | 0 |
| May 7, 1998 | F1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 |
| May 7, 1998 | F3 | 2.0 | 5 | 0 |
| May 7, 1998 | F0 | 5.0 | 0 | 0 |
| Mar 20, 1998 | F3 | 12.0 | 27 | 2 |
| Mar 20, 1998 | F1 | 1.5 | 3 | 0 |
| May 6, 1996 | F1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 |
| Nov 22, 1992 | F1 | 31.0 | 13 | 0 |
| May 5, 1989 | F2 | 5.5 | 10 | 0 |
| May 5, 1989 | F3 | 10.5 | 30 | 0 |
| May 5, 1989 | F2 | 0.5 | 8 | 0 |
| May 22, 1985 | F3 | 3.5 | 0 | 0 |
| May 28, 1984 | F0 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 |
| Jul 22, 1983 | F1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 |
| Mar 8, 1983 | F0 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 |
| Jun 3, 1982 | F0 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 |
| Jun 6, 1981 | F2 | 9.4 | 1 | 0 |
| Apr 9, 1980 | F1 | 1.9 | 0 | 0 |
| Oct 8, 1976 | F1 | 0.7 | 0 | 0 |
| Oct 8, 1976 | F1 | 0.5 | 0 | 0 |
| Mar 24, 1975 | F1 | 7.1 | 1 | 0 |
| Jun 17, 1973 | F1 | 0.1 | 2 | 0 |
| May 28, 1973 | F1 | 4.0 | 0 | 0 |
| May 28, 1973 | F0 | 0.1 | 2 | 0 |
| Aug 18, 1970 | F1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 |
| May 15, 1967 | F1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 |
| Jun 12, 1962 | F1 | 1.0 | 0 | 0 |
| May 11, 1961 | F0 | 0.5 | 0 | 0 |
| Mar 30, 1960 | F1 | 56.2 | 0 | 0 |
| Sep 29, 1959 | F1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 |
| Jul 29, 1958 | F0 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 |
| Apr 5, 1957 | F1 | 4.7 | 1 | 0 |
| Jun 16, 1954 | F2 | 6.1 | 1 | 0 |
| Aug 31, 1952 | F1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 |
- Injuries and deaths are for the tornado’s whole path, which may extend beyond this area.
- Weak tornadoes were under-recorded before Doppler radar coverage became national in the early 1990s, so earlier decades read low. Ratings use the Fujita scale before February 2007 and the Enhanced Fujita scale after.
Storm Prediction Center severe weather database, 1950 to 2025.
Hurricanes and tropical storms
13 passed within 50 miles since 1851; none at hurricane strength.
Strongest within 50 miles
August 28, 1893
Unnamed storm, Tropical storm
1.8 miles at closest approach, winds near 71 mph.
Most recent
July 8, 2021
Elsa, Tropical storm
73.6 miles at closest approach.
Every storm within 100 miles
| Elsa | 2021 | 73.6 | Tropical storm |
| Claudette | 2021 | 92.7 | Tropical storm |
| Zeta | 2020 | 54.9 | Tropical storm |
| Nestor | 2019 | 88.7 | Post-tropical |
| Michael | 2018 | 35.3 | Tropical storm |
| Alberto | 2006 | 100.0 | Post-tropical |
| Fran | 1996 | 66.3 | Tropical storm |
| Hugo | 1989 | 88.2 | Tropical storm |
| Bob | 1985 | 11.2 | Tropical storm |
| David | 1979 | 6.6 | Tropical storm |
| Alma | 1970 | 76.7 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1965 | 94.3 | Post-tropical |
| Gracie | 1959 | 84.8 | Tropical storm |
| Diane | 1955 | 80.6 | Tropical storm |
| Hazel | 1954 | 99.8 | Post-tropical |
| Able | 1952 | 7.1 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1949 | 35.3 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1945 | 55.4 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1944 | 77.9 | Post-tropical |
| Unnamed | 1935 | 80.1 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1929 | 65.0 | Post-tropical |
| Unnamed | 1915 | 11.4 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1912 | 95.5 | Post-tropical |
| Unnamed | 1904 | 91.0 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1902 | 30.9 | Post-tropical |
| Unnamed | 1902 | 65.0 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1899 | 92.7 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1896 | 56.8 | Category 1 |
| Unnamed | 1893 | 92.4 | Category 1 |
| Unnamed | 1893 | 1.8 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1889 | 43.0 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1888 | 65.0 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1886 | 94.0 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1886 | 16.9 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1885 | 48.0 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1882 | 24.3 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1878 | 13.0 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1877 | 82.3 | Post-tropical |
| Unnamed | 1867 | 83.2 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1859 | 33.7 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1854 | 94.2 | Tropical storm |
- Tropical storms and hurricanes (34 kt or more, still tropical) at closest approach. Post-tropical remnants with gale-force winds are listed but not counted. Direct: track within 50 miles; near: within 100 miles. Distance is measured to the county boundary for counties and to the city centre for cities, using positions interpolated hourly between HURDAT2 fixes.
National Hurricane Center HURDAT2, 1851 to 2025.
Wildfire and smoke
1 large fire burned within 25 miles since 1984.
Largest
November 19, 2023
Sauratown Mountain Fire, 829 acres
24.0 miles from the city centre.
Most recent
November 19, 2023
Sauratown Mountain Fire
829 acres in total.
Every large fire
| Sauratown Mountain | 2023 | 24.0 | 829 |
- Large fires mapped by the Monitoring Trends in Burn Severity program since 1984: 1,000 acres or more in the West, 500 or more in the East. Prescribed burns are excluded. Acres here are the part of each perimeter inside this place.
Monitoring Trends in Burn Severity (USGS and U.S. Forest Service), 1984 to 2026.
Smoke overhead
Smokiest year
2023: 40 days
Heavy smoke on 5 days in 2021, the most of any year.
Last 10 years
9.3 days a year
Medium or heavy smoke, 2016 to 2025.
2025
9 days
Medium or heavy smoke. 26 so far in 2026.
- A smoke day is a date on which a smoke plume traced by NOAA Hazard Mapping System analysts from satellite imagery covered this place's point (the county's population centre or the city centre). Counts here are of medium or heavy smoke. Since 2018 analysts have often drawn light smoke as one area over most of the continent, so light-smoke counts are not comparable from year to year. The plumes show smoke anywhere in the air above, not air quality at the ground, and smoke hidden by cloud is missed.
NOAA Hazard Mapping System smoke analysis, 2011 to 2026, retrieved October 30, 2026.
Floods and flood insurance
440 federal flood insurance claims since 1978, with $4.7 million paid.
Flood insurance figures are for Forsyth County, the county that contains Kernersville.
Most claims in one year
2018: 39 claims
$723,000 paid.
2nd most
2003: 36 claims
$349,000 paid.
3rd most
2012: 36 claims
$567,000 paid.
Claims by ZIP code
| 27106 | 168 | $1.4 million |
| 27104 | 91 | $1.2 million |
| 27012 | 35 | $253,000 |
| 27101 | 33 | $597,000 |
| 27103 | 31 | $150,000 |
| 27105 | 24 | $401,000 |
| 27284 | 14 | $241,000 |
| 27040 | 9 | $45,000 |
| 27107 | 9 | $39,000 |
| 27102 | 7 | $293,000 |
| 27023 | 6 | $16,000 |
| 27127 | 6 | $82,000 |
Flood events since 1996
- Flash Flood59
- Flood3
- Heavy Rain2
This product uses the Federal Emergency Management Agency's OpenFEMA API, but is not endorsed by FEMA. The Federal Government or FEMA cannot vouch for the data or analyses derived from these data after the data have been retrieved from the Agency's website(s).
OpenFEMA NFIP Redacted Claims v3, refreshed August 4, 2026. NOAA Storm Events through 2026.
River crests
River gauges in Forsyth County, the county that contains Kernersville.
Most severe crest
August 15, 1940
Yadkin River at Enon, 35.80 ft
11.80 feet above the 24.0 ft flood stage; moderate flooding by today’s categories.
Most recent moderate or major crest
August 15, 1940
Yadkin River at Enon, 35.80 ft
Moderate flooding.
| Aug 15, 1940 | Yadkin River at Enon | 35.80 | +11.80 |
| Sep 22, 1979 | Yadkin River at Enon | 29.52 | +5.52 |
| Nov 12, 2020 | Yadkin River at Enon | 28.52 | +4.52 |
| Jun 21, 1972 | Yadkin River at Enon | 27.83 | +3.83 |
| Apr 10, 1983 | Yadkin River at Enon | 27.71 | +3.71 |
| Aug 10, 1970 | Yadkin River at Enon | 27.69 | +3.69 |
| Oct 12, 2018 | Yadkin River at Enon | 27.06 | +3.06 |
| Feb 7, 2020 | Yadkin River at Enon | 26.68 | +2.68 |
| Apr 22, 1992 | Yadkin River at Enon | 26.58 | +2.58 |
| Mar 1, 1987 | Yadkin River at Enon | 26.45 | +2.45 |
| Jan 10, 2024 | Yadkin River at Enon | 26.44 | +2.44 |
| Jan 25, 2010 | Yadkin River at Enon | 26.11 | +2.11 |
| Aug 9, 2024 | Muddy Creek at I-40 nr Clemmons | 13.96 | +1.96 |
| Apr 24, 2017 | Yadkin River at Enon | 25.87 | +1.87 |
| Sep 28, 2024 | Yadkin River at Enon | 25.77 | +1.77 |
| Aug 31, 1964 | Yadkin River at Enon | 25.17 | +1.17 |
| May 29, 1984 | Yadkin River at Enon | 25.06 | +1.06 |
| Oct 17, 1964 | Yadkin River at Enon | 25.00 | +1.00 |
| Mar 24, 1993 | Yadkin River at Enon | 24.92 | +0.92 |
| Aug 13, 1996 | Yadkin River at Enon | 24.78 | +0.78 |
| Feb 13, 1966 | Yadkin River at Enon | 24.60 | +0.60 |
| Sep 9, 2004 | Yadkin River at Enon | 24.58 | +0.58 |
| Mar 30, 1975 | Yadkin River at Enon | 24.54 | +0.54 |
| Oct 19, 1976 | Yadkin River at Enon | 24.45 | +0.45 |
| Aug 18, 1985 | Yadkin River at Enon | 24.09 | +0.09 |
River gauges
| Brushy Fork (NC) at E 5th St | 11.0 | — | 0 |
| Muddy Creek at I-40 nr Clemmons | 12.0 | 13.96 ft | 0 |
| Muddy Creek at Robinhood Rd | 21.0 | — | 0 |
| Yadkin River at Enon | 24.0 | 35.80 ft | 0 |
- Crests are the highest and the recent crests the National Weather Service lists for each river gauge in the county that has a flood stage, not every flood. Flood categories use each gauge's current flood stages; crests from before levees, dams or channel changes may not be comparable. Crests measured on an old datum are left out of the rankings.
NOAA National Water Prediction Service gauge records, retrieved October 30, 2026.
Drought
In severe drought or worse for 90 of 1,581 months since 1895 (6%); the longest spell lasted 13 months.
The drought index is for Forsyth County, the county that contains Kernersville.
90
Months in severe drought or worse since 1895
32
Months in extreme drought
6%
Share of all months, severe or worse
Lowest reading
May 2002
−5.53, extreme drought
Longest severe spell
13 months
August 2001 to August 2002.
Latest month
September 2026
−4.66, extreme drought
- The Palmer Drought Severity Index is computed by NOAA each month from the county's average temperature and precipitation, relative to the county's own climate. Zero is normal; -3 or lower is severe drought and -4 or lower extreme drought. It describes the long-term balance of moisture, not water supply or crop losses.
NOAA NCEI nClimDiv county Palmer Drought Severity Index, 1895 to September 2026, issued October 6, 2026.
Earthquakes and landslides
8 earthquakes of magnitude 2.5 or more within 50 miles since 1980; none reached magnitude 4.
0
Magnitude 3+ within 50 miles since 1973
0
Magnitude 4+ within 50 miles since 1900
0
Magnitude 5+ within 50 miles since 1900
Largest within 50 miles
March 4, 1981
Magnitude 2.8
6 km E of Randleman, North Carolina; 28.1 miles away, 0.6 miles deep.
- Earthquakes of magnitude 2.5 or more in the USGS Comprehensive Catalog since 1900. Within 50 miles means the epicentre lies within 50 miles of the city centre.
- Small earthquakes were under-recorded before the modern seismic networks of the 1970s and are still missed in remote areas, so early decades read low. Magnitudes are as the catalogue reports them and mix scales (moment, local and body-wave).
USGS ANSS Comprehensive Earthquake Catalog, 1900 to present, retrieved October 30, 2026.
Mapped landslides
Landslides mapped in Forsyth County.
1
Landslides mapped, probable or better
1
With a recorded date
1
Source inventory
Mapped by NASA (1).
- Landslides mapped in the USGS compilation of landslide inventories across the United States (version 3.0, 2025), rated probable or better. The compilation joins inventories made by federal and state agencies for different purposes and areas, so the number mapped in a county reflects how closely it has been surveyed as much as how often its slopes fail. An area with few records may simply not have been mapped. Deaths are as recorded in the inventories; a slide listed in two inventories is counted once.
USGS Landslide Inventories across the United States, version 3.0, retrieved October 27, 2026.
Severe weather and other events
719 events in the National Weather Service record for Forsyth County, 639 of them since 1996.
57
Hail reports, 1 inch or larger
2
Hail, 2 inches or larger
368
Damaging gusts, 58 mph+
88
Winter weather events since 1996
3
Heat events since 1996
2
Cold events since 1996
Largest hail
March 23, 2005
2.75 inches
Strongest measured or estimated gust
July 16, 1962
115 mph
More event types since 1996
| Lightning | 4 | 0 |
| Debris flows | 1 | 0 |
Costliest events since 1996
- May 7, 1998Tornado$50.0 million
National Weather Service narrative
A large tornado tore through the Waterford Subdivision of Clemmons in southwest Forsyth county. The initial touchdown was at 630 pm local time. Several homes were completely destroyed, several hundred sustained major roof, wall, and window damage. Tree damage was extensive with debris scattered for miles.
- May 8, 2008Tornado$2.5 million
National Weather Service narrative
This tornado originated from the same parent supercell that produced the tornado in Davie County which lifted in Forsyth County just across the Yadkin River. This second tornado touched down just southwest of Hampton Road. Three metal barns sustained major damage around the 4800 block of Hampton Road with minor damage to two homes. The tornado continued northeast through wooded farmland before hitting the Bridgepoint Subdivision where the tornado strengthened to EF-3 intensity. Three homes were destroyed and approximately thirty homes sustained moderate damage. There were only two minor injuries in the subdivision.||The tornado continued to track to the northeast across Frye…
- Oct 29, 2020Tropical Storm, Forsyth$1.5 million
National Weather Service narrative
Frequent wind gusts of 40 to 60 mph resulted in scattered to numerous trees and power lines down across Forsyth County, including some on homes. Numerous customers lost power in Forsyth County as a result of the tropical storm force winds.
- Feb 25, 2011Strong Wind, Forsyth$1.0 million
National Weather Service narrative
Strong winds with gusts to 45-50 mph in the Triad resulted in a number of power outages and downed trees.
- Sep 30, 2022Tropical Storm, Forsyth$1.0 million
National Weather Service narrative
Frequent wind gusts of 40 to 60 mph resulted in scattered to numerous trees and power lines down across Forsyth County, including some on homes. Numerous customers lost power in Forsyth County as a result of the tropical storm force wind gusts.
- Oct 11, 2018Tropical Storm, Forsyth$500,000
National Weather Service narrative
Tropical storm wind gusts downed numerous trees, caused widespread power outages, and produced a variety of damage to homes and structures across the county.
- Jun 13, 2013Thunderstorm Wind$500,000
National Weather Service narrative
Widespread trees and power-lines were blown down throughout the county. Northwestern portions of the county were the hardest hit. Monetary damages were estimated.
- Mar 6, 2014Ice Storm, Forsyth$400,000
National Weather Service narrative
One quarter of an inch of ice from freezing rain resulted in widespread downed trees and power-lines. Additionally, snowfall of 3 to 5 inches fell across northern portions of the county.
- Oct 11, 2018Flash Flood$250,000
National Weather Service narrative
Heavy rainfall of 4 to 6 inches flooded several roads across the county. Several water rescues were also performed throughout the county.
- Jun 11, 2007Lightning$175,000
National Weather Service narrative
A two story home in the Tredegar subdivision sustained heavy damage when it was hit by lightning and caught on fire. The entire second floor was damaged.
- Storm Events records before 1996 cover only tornadoes, thunderstorm wind and hail. Damage figures are as reported by the National Weather Service at the time, not adjusted for inflation.
NOAA NCEI Storm Events Database, 1950 to 2026, issued October 26, 2026.
Weather records
From Greensboro Airport, 7.8 miles from the city centre, with records from 1928.
- All-time high
- 103°FAug 18, 1988
- All-time low
- −8°FJan 21, 1985
- Warmest night
- 80°FAug 9, 2007
- Coldest day
- 13°FJan 30, 1966
- Wettest day
- 7.46 inSep 24, 1947
- Snowiest day
- 14.3 inDec 17, 1930
- Hottest year
- 2007mean 61.5°F
- Coldest year
- 1963mean 56.2°F
- Wettest year
- 201864.11 in
- Driest year
- 194127.74 in
- Snowiest season
- 31.7 in1959-60
Median first snow
December 29
Earliest: November 9, 1968
Median last snow
February 22
Latest: March 30, 2003
7 of 97 winters had no measurable snow.
Station Greensboro Airport (USW00013723), 902 ft elevation, 7.8 miles from the city centre. Daily records from 1928 to October 27, 2026; 100.0% of days in the last 30 years are complete. Records at a single station can differ from a city’s official threaded record, which may combine several stations.
NOAA NCEI Global Historical Climatology Network Daily.
Federal disaster declarations
25 since 1953. The most recent: Severe Winter Storm, January 24, 2026.
Declarations for Forsyth County.
| Jan 24, 2026 | Winter Storm | EM-3637-NC |
| Sep 28, 2024 | Tropical Storm | DR-4827-NC |
| Sep 26, 2024 | Tropical Storm | EM-3617-NC |
| Aug 6, 2024 | Tropical Storm | EM-3608-NC |
| Oct 1, 2022 | Hurricane | EM-3586-NC |
| Aug 2, 2020 | Hurricane | EM-3534-NC |
| Mar 25, 2020 | Biological | DR-4487-NC |
| Mar 13, 2020 | Biological | EM-3471-NC |
| Sep 3, 2019 | Hurricane | EM-3423-NC |
| Jan 31, 2019 | Hurricane | DR-4412-NC |
| Sep 10, 2018 | Hurricane | EM-3401-NC |
| Oct 7, 2016 | Hurricane | EM-3380-NC |
| Sep 5, 2005 | Hurricane | EM-3222-NC |
| Sep 18, 2004 | Hurricane | DR-1553-NC |
| Mar 27, 2003 | Severe Ice Storm | DR-1457-NC |
| Dec 12, 2002 | Severe Ice Storm | DR-1448-NC |
| Sep 16, 1999 | Hurricane | DR-1292-NC |
| Sep 15, 1999 | Hurricane | EM-3146-NC |
| Feb 23, 1996 | Snowstorm | DR-1103-NC |
| Jan 13, 1996 | Snowstorm | DR-1087-NC |
| Mar 17, 1993 | Snowstorm | EM-3110-NC |
| Sep 25, 1989 | Hurricane | DR-844-NC |
| May 17, 1989 | Tornado | DR-827-NC |
| Aug 11, 1977 | Drought | EM-3049-NC |
| Mar 2, 1977 | Snowstorm | EM-3033-NC |
This product uses the Federal Emergency Management Agency's OpenFEMA API, but is not endorsed by FEMA. The Federal Government or FEMA cannot vouch for the data or analyses derived from these data after the data have been retrieved from the Agency's website(s).
OpenFEMA Disaster Declarations Summaries, retrieved October 30, 2026. Statewide declarations are not listed.
Sources and vintage
Every number on this page comes from these public records.
- Tornadoes NOAA Storm Prediction Center severe weather database, through 2025.
- Tropical cyclones NOAA National Hurricane Center HURDAT2 (Atlantic; Northeast and Central Pacific), through 2025.
- Wildfire USGS/USFS Monitoring Trends in Burn Severity, through 2026.
- Storm events NOAA NCEI Storm Events Database, through 2026.
- Flood insurance OpenFEMA NFIP Redacted Claims v3, refreshed August 4, 2026.
- Declarations OpenFEMA Disaster Declarations Summaries v2, retrieved October 30, 2026.
- Weather records NOAA NCEI Global Historical Climatology Network Daily, station USW00013723.
- River crests NOAA National Weather Service, National Water Prediction Service river gauges, retrieved October 30, 2026.
- Drought NOAA NCEI nClimDiv county Palmer Drought Severity Index, through September 2026.
- Smoke NOAA NESDIS Hazard Mapping System smoke analysis, retrieved October 30, 2026.
- Landslides USGS Landslide Inventories across the United States, version 3.0 (2025).
- Earthquakes USGS ANSS Comprehensive Earthquake Catalog (ComCat), retrieved October 30, 2026.
Joins, thresholds and known limits are set out in the methodology. Found an error? Report it. Page built October 30, 2026.