Marshfield

Population 18,980 (2025)

68 tornadoes have tracked within 25 miles of Marshfield since 1950, 3 of them rated EF3 or F3 or stronger; the most recent was on May 15, 2025.

Hazard fingerprint for Marshfield Tornado: 32th percentile. Tropical: 0th percentile. Wildfire: 0th percentile. Flood: 29th percentile. Hail & wind: 37th percentile. Heat: 50th percentile. Cold: 69th percentile. Winter: 65th percentile. TORTROPFIREFLOODSEVEREHEATCOLDWINTER

Hazard fingerprint Each spoke is this county’s percentile among U.S. counties where that hazard occurs. How it is computed

2026
  • Tornado damage paths within 25 miles since 195068

At a glance

Tornado paths within 25 miles, tropical cyclone tracks within 100 miles and wildfire perimeters within 25 miles of the city centre. Storm events, flood insurance claims and disaster declarations are for Wood County. Earthquakes within 50 miles, volcanoes within 100 miles and smoke days are measured from the city centre; river and tide gauges, tsunami and landslide records and the drought index are for Wood County.

Tornadoes since 1950, within 25 mi

68

3 rated F3/EF3 or stronger

Details

Flood insurance claims

48

Wood County

$727,000 paid since 1980

Details

Strongest tornado

F4

June 4, 1958, 59.2 mile path

Federal disaster declarations

13

Most recent: Covid-19 Pandemic, 2020

Details

Record high

105°F

May 31, 1934

Details

Record low

−37°F

January 23, 1963

Details

Snowiest season

93.9in

Winter of 2018-19

Costliest event since 1996

$45.0M

Hail, June 7, 2007

Details

Tornadoes

About one every 1.1 years since 1950, 3 of them rated F3/EF3 or stronger.

Strongest

June 4, 1958

F4, 59.2 mile path

880 yards wide; 4 killed along the whole path.

Most recent

Thursday, May 15, 2025

EF0, 2.5 mile path

Within the past year.

Tornadoes by decade, within 25 miles Doppler radar era² 1950s: 4 4 1960s: 7 7 1970s: 5 5 1980s: 8 8 1990s: 8 8 2000s: 11 11 2010s: 9 9 2020s: 16 16 1950s1960s1970s1980s1990s2000s2010s2020s
Recorded tornadoes per decade. The 2020s are incomplete.
Tornadoes by month J: 0 F: 0 M: 0 A: 2 M: 18 18 J: 16 J: 10 A: 11 S: 6 O: 1 N: 1 D: 3 JFMAMJJASOND
By month of occurrence, all years.

Every recorded tornado

Tornadoes within 25 miles since 1950
May 15, 2025EF02.56500
May 15, 2025EF24.623000
May 15, 2025EF12.410000
May 15, 2025EF02.47500
May 15, 2025EF10.810000
Jun 17, 2024EF00.84600
Jun 17, 2024EF00.42500
May 21, 2024EF12.18000
May 21, 2024EF12.16000
May 21, 2024EF14.011000
May 21, 2024EF01.47500
May 21, 2024EF12.27500
May 21, 2024EF14.015000
May 21, 2024EF19.112000
Dec 15, 2021EF10.95000
Dec 15, 2021EF21.15000
Sep 24, 2019EF14.76000
Jul 19, 2019EF19.010000
Aug 4, 2016EF14.325000
Jun 30, 2016EF00.05000
May 24, 2012EF05.97500
Aug 23, 2011EF00.01000
Aug 23, 2011EF27.620020
Jul 14, 2010EF00.35000
Jul 14, 2010EF130.815000
Jul 29, 2008EF01.62500
Jun 10, 2005F00.12000
Jun 4, 2005F00.12500
Jun 4, 2005F00.12500
Jun 4, 2005F117.05000
Jun 4, 2005F01.27500
Jun 8, 2003F00.15000
Sep 30, 2002F00.25000
Jul 30, 2002F02.210000
Jun 25, 2002F10.37020
Apr 18, 2002F114.010000
Aug 3, 1999F00.11000
May 31, 1998F00.25000
Aug 7, 1996F10.210000
Aug 7, 1996F22.520000
Jul 19, 1992F10.240000
May 16, 1992F11.240000
Apr 20, 1992F19.52300
Jun 12, 1990F10.12300
Sep 19, 1988F00.12300
May 8, 1988F213.025020
Aug 12, 1985F210.0880140
Aug 12, 1985F11.215000
Sep 24, 1984F212.015000
Aug 16, 1983F00.12700
Jul 3, 1983F00.31000
Jul 3, 1983F212.05700
Aug 31, 1977F431.81,000100
Jun 13, 1976F124.610020
Sep 28, 1971F349.630050
Jul 8, 1971F12.07700
Dec 1, 1970F22.020000
Aug 19, 1968F214.36750
Jul 22, 1967F221.410020
Jun 30, 1967F14.110000
May 7, 1964F20.5100140
Oct 10, 1962F13.340000
Sep 3, 1961F22.01000
Nov 15, 1960F236.010000
May 4, 1959F11.020000
Jun 22, 1958F10.13300
Jun 4, 1958F459.288034
Jun 25, 1950F27.81701
  1. Injuries and deaths are for the tornado’s whole path, which may extend beyond this area.
  2. Weak tornadoes were under-recorded before Doppler radar coverage became national in the early 1990s, so earlier decades read low. Ratings use the Fujita scale before February 2007 and the Enhanced Fujita scale after.

Storm Prediction Center severe weather database, 1950 to 2025.

Hurricanes and tropical storms

No tropical storm or hurricane has tracked within 100 miles since records began in 1851.

Wildfire and smoke

No large wildfire has been mapped within 25 miles since satellite mapping began in 1984.

Smoke overhead

Smokiest year

2023: 76 days

Heavy smoke on 24 days in 2021, the most of any year.

Last 10 years

27.9 days a year

Medium or heavy smoke, 2016 to 2025.

2025

23 days

Medium or heavy smoke. 41 so far in 2026.

Days with medium or heavy smoke overhead, by year 2011: 6 2012: 15 2013: 11 2014: 11 2015: 20 2016: 5 2017: 12 2018: 21 2019: 15 2020: 18 2021: 49 2022: 20 2023: 76 76 2024: 40 2025: 23 201120122013201420152016201720182019202020212022202320242025
Days each year on which a satellite-traced plume of medium or heavy smoke covered the city centre, 2011 to 2025.
  1. A smoke day is a date on which a smoke plume traced by NOAA Hazard Mapping System analysts from satellite imagery covered this place's point (the county's population centre or the city centre). Counts here are of medium or heavy smoke. Since 2018 analysts have often drawn light smoke as one area over most of the continent, so light-smoke counts are not comparable from year to year. The plumes show smoke anywhere in the air above, not air quality at the ground, and smoke hidden by cloud is missed.

NOAA Hazard Mapping System smoke analysis, 2011 to 2026, retrieved October 30, 2026.

Floods and flood insurance

48 federal flood insurance claims since 1980, with $727,000 paid.

Flood insurance figures are for Wood County, the county that contains Marshfield.

Federal flood insurance claims by year 2002: 5 2010: 17 17 2019: 7 2002
Claims per year since 1980. Years with fewer than five claims are not shown.

Most claims in one year

2010: 17 claims

$286,000 paid.

2nd most

2019: 7 claims

$355,000 paid.

3rd most

2002: 5 claims

$8,512 paid.

Claims by ZIP code

Flood insurance claims by ZIP code
5445715$113,000
5449413$361,000
5449510$228,000
544667$16,000

Flood events since 1996

  • Flash Flood13
  • Flood12
  • Heavy Rain7

This product uses the Federal Emergency Management Agency's OpenFEMA API, but is not endorsed by FEMA. The Federal Government or FEMA cannot vouch for the data or analyses derived from these data after the data have been retrieved from the Agency's website(s).

OpenFEMA NFIP Redacted Claims v3, refreshed August 4, 2026. NOAA Storm Events through 2026.

River crests

River gauges in Wood County, the county that contains Marshfield.

Most severe crest

June 15, 1880

Wisconsin River at Wisconsin Rapids, 18.80 ft

6.80 feet above the 12.0 ft flood stage; major flooding by today’s categories.

Most recent moderate or major crest

August 29, 2021

Yellow River (WI) at Babcock, 15.92 ft

Moderate flooding.

Highest river crests above flood stage
Jun 15, 1880Wisconsin River at Wisconsin Rapids18.80+6.80Major
Sep 24, 2010Yellow River (WI) at Babcock18.43+6.43Major
Apr 2, 1952Yellow River (WI) at Babcock17.38+5.38Major
Mar 31, 1967Yellow River (WI) at Babcock17.05+5.05Major
Sep 24, 2010Yellow River (WI) at Pittsville17.60+4.60Major
Sep 25, 2010Wisconsin River at Wisconsin Rapids14.80+2.80Major
Mar 27, 1963Yellow River (WI) at Babcock16.03+4.03Moderate
Apr 18, 2019Yellow River (WI) at Babcock15.95+3.95Moderate
Aug 29, 2021Yellow River (WI) at Babcock15.92+3.92Moderate
Apr 5, 1956Yellow River (WI) at Babcock15.85+3.85Moderate
Mar 18, 1945Yellow River (WI) at Babcock15.78+3.78Moderate
Sep 22, 1986Yellow River (WI) at Babcock15.77+3.77Moderate
Sep 25, 2010Wisconsin River below Biron Dam1,020.73+3.73Moderate
Feb 22, 2017Yellow River (WI) at Babcock15.64+3.64Moderate
Jun 19, 1993Yellow River (WI) at Babcock15.63+3.63Moderate
Mar 17, 2016Yellow River (WI) at Babcock15.53+3.53Moderate
May 17, 1968Yellow River (WI) at Babcock15.53+3.53Moderate
Sep 25, 2010Wisconsin River below Wisconsin Rapids Dam993.27+2.27Moderate
Mar 24, 1935Wisconsin River at Wisconsin Rapids14.10+2.10Moderate
Feb 21, 2017Yellow River (WI) at Pittsville15.00+2.00Moderate
Sep 12, 1938Wisconsin River at Wisconsin Rapids14.00+2.00Moderate
Apr 19, 2019Wisconsin River at Wisconsin Rapids13.68+1.68Moderate
Mar 24, 1935Wisconsin River below Wisconsin Rapids Dam992.60+1.60Moderate
Oct 8, 1911Wisconsin River at Wisconsin Rapids13.60+1.60Moderate
Apr 11, 1922Wisconsin River at Wisconsin Rapids13.50+1.50Moderate

River gauges

River gauges and their highest listed crests
Tenmile Creek (WI) near Nekoosa9.57.32 ftMar 16, 20190
Wisconsin River at Wisconsin Rapids12.018.80 ftJun 15, 18802
Wisconsin River below Biron Dam1,017.01,020.73 ftSep 25, 20100
Wisconsin River below Wisconsin Rapids Dam991.0993.27 ftSep 25, 20100
Yellow River (WI) at Babcock12.018.43 ftSep 24, 20103
Yellow River (WI) at Pittsville13.017.60 ftSep 24, 20101
  1. Crests are the highest and the recent crests the National Weather Service lists for each river gauge in the county that has a flood stage, not every flood. Flood categories use each gauge's current flood stages; crests from before levees, dams or channel changes may not be comparable. Crests measured on an old datum are left out of the rankings.

NOAA National Water Prediction Service gauge records, retrieved October 30, 2026.

Drought

In severe drought or worse for 130 of 1,581 months since 1895 (8%); the longest spell lasted 13 months.

The drought index is for Wood County, the county that contains Marshfield.

130

Months in severe drought or worse since 1895

55

Months in extreme drought

8%

Share of all months, severe or worse

21

Drought reports to the Weather Service since 1996

Lowest reading

May 1934

−7.19, extreme drought

Longest severe spell

13 months

August 1933 to August 1934.

Latest month

September 2026

+1.06, slightly wet

Last severe month: September 2012.

Months in severe drought or worse, by year 1895: 4 1896: 3 1897: 0 1898: 7 1899: 1 1900: 0 1901: 0 1902: 0 1903: 0 1904: 0 1905: 0 1906: 0 1907: 0 1908: 0 1909: 3 1910: 7 1911: 4 1912: 0 1913: 0 1914: 0 1915: 0 1916: 0 1917: 0 1918: 0 1919: 0 1920: 0 1921: 4 1922: 1 1923: 1 1924: 2 1925: 0 1926: 0 1927: 0 1928: 0 1929: 0 1930: 1 1931: 8 1932: 0 1933: 5 1934: 8 1935: 0 1936: 5 1937: 3 1938: 0 1939: 0 1940: 3 1941: 0 1942: 0 1943: 0 1944: 0 1945: 0 1946: 0 1947: 0 1948: 4 1949: 6 1950: 0 1951: 0 1952: 0 1953: 3 1954: 3 1955: 0 1956: 0 1957: 0 1958: 0 1959: 0 1960: 0 1961: 0 1962: 0 1963: 0 1964: 2 1965: 0 1966: 0 1967: 0 1968: 0 1969: 0 1970: 0 1971: 0 1972: 0 1973: 0 1974: 0 1975: 0 1976: 4 1977: 8 1978: 0 1979: 0 1980: 0 1981: 0 1982: 0 1983: 0 1984: 0 1985: 0 1986: 0 1987: 0 1988: 7 1989: 9 9 1990: 2 1991: 0 1992: 0 1993: 0 1994: 0 1995: 0 1996: 0 1997: 0 1998: 1 1999: 1 2000: 0 2001: 0 2002: 0 2003: 2 2004: 1 2005: 0 2006: 6 2007: 0 2008: 0 2009: 0 2010: 0 2011: 0 2012: 1 2013: 0 2014: 0 2015: 0 2016: 0 2017: 0 2018: 0 2019: 0 2020: 0 2021: 0 2022: 0 2023: 0 2024: 0 2025: 0 18951905191519251935194519551965197519851995200520152025
Months each year with a Palmer index of −3 or lower, 1895 to 2025. Twelve means the whole year.
  1. The Palmer Drought Severity Index is computed by NOAA each month from the county's average temperature and precipitation, relative to the county's own climate. Zero is normal; -3 or lower is severe drought and -4 or lower extreme drought. It describes the long-term balance of moisture, not water supply or crop losses.

NOAA NCEI nClimDiv county Palmer Drought Severity Index, 1895 to September 2026, issued October 6, 2026.

Earthquakes

No earthquake of magnitude 2.5 or more is recorded within 50 miles of the city centre in the USGS catalogue, which begins in 1900.

Severe weather and other events

541 events in the National Weather Service record for Wood County, 464 of them since 1996.

79

Hail reports, 1 inch or larger

9

Hail, 2 inches or larger

119

Damaging gusts, 58 mph+

93

Winter weather events since 1996

9

Heat events since 1996

19

Cold events since 1996

Largest hail

June 7, 2007

5.50 inches

Strongest measured or estimated gust

August 14, 1972

81 mph

More event types since 1996

Other Storm Events types since 1996
Lightning500May 25, 2021
Dense fog and smoke1000Feb 24, 2000

Costliest events since 1996

  1. Jun 7, 2007Hail$45.0 million
    National Weather Service narrative

    A supercell thunderstorm produced baseball and softball size hail in Port Edwards and Wisconsin Rapids. A 5.5 inch diameter hailstone that fell at Port Edwards was the second largest hailstone ever measured in Wisconsin. (The record largest hailstone in Wisconsin is 5.7 inches in diameter, which fell in Wausau on May 22, 1921.) Approximately 6,000 house and business roofs sustained at least minor damage. Over 500 vehicles were also damaged. Nine schools in the area sustained damage of $6.9 million alone. Total property damage was estimated at $45 million.

  2. Sep 23, 2010Flash Flood$1.5 million
    National Weather Service narrative

    Heavy rain fell across Wood County, causing rivers and streams to overflow their banks, washing out roads and damaging homes and businesses. Much of the county received at least 4 inches of rain. The heaviest recorded total was 5.95 inches at Pittsville. Sandbagging was necessary along the Yellow River in southwest Wood County. The flooding caused minor damage to 79 homes and 10 businesses, major damage to 1 home and substantial damage to public infrastructure. As many as 35 roads across the county were closed at some point due to the flooding.

  3. May 22, 2011Tornado$1.0 million
    National Weather Service narrative

    The tornado moved out of Juneau County at 6:03 pm CDT (1703 CST) and moved east-northeast across southern Wood County. The storm hit a campground on the east shore of the Wisconsin River about three miles south of Nekoosa. Over 100 pine trees were snapped and uprooted on the campground, some two feet in diameter (DI 28 DOD 4). Several camper vehicles were damaged by fallen trees. The tornado was seen by campground visitors just before 6:15 pm. The tornado continued east-northeast and snapped or uprooted hundreds of additional trees south of Wisconsin Rapids. The storm damaged at least six homes and several other outbuildings about six miles south-southeast of Wisconsin Rapids. One…

  4. Jun 22, 2002Flash Flood$1.0 million
    National Weather Service narrative

    An east to west stationary front across central Wisconsin was the focus for the development of thunderstorms. Heavy rain occurred across that part of the state during the night of June 21-22 as thunderstorms trained over the area for several hours. Over 5 inches of rain fell during a 3 hour period across the affected areas. An unofficial gage near Biron (Wood co.) recorded 10.30 inches in 12 hours.A trailer park in Stratford (Marathon co.) had to be evacuated due to high water, and basements were flooded in some homes in central Wisconsin. Several bridges were out due to the flooding and roads were washed out in numerous locations. One township in Marathon county had 40 miles of…

  5. May 25, 2021Lightning$300,000
    National Weather Service narrative

    Lightning struck the Verso Paper Mill at 7:30 pm CDT, producing $300,000 worth of damage.

  6. Jul 20, 2019Thunderstorm Wind$250,000
    National Weather Service narrative

    Thunderstorm winds downed trees, large branches, and power lines in Wisconsin Rapids. Downed branches, as big as 5 inches in diameter and 10 feet long, blocked at least one road.

  7. Jul 20, 2019Thunderstorm Wind$100,000
    National Weather Service narrative

    Thunderstorm winds downed trees and power lines along Highway 54 in Port Edwards.

  8. Sep 21, 2016Flash Flood$64,000
    National Weather Service narrative

    Runoff from heavy rainfall caused flooded roads, and caused damage to roads and bridges, especially across the western part of the county.

  9. Aug 27, 2021Flash Flood$62,000
    National Weather Service narrative

    Thunderstorms dumped 3 to 5 inches of rain over northern Wood County during the evening hours. This caused several roads to be closed due to flash flooding with several reports of cars stalled out.

  10. Aug 7, 1996Thunderstorm Wind$50,000
    National Weather Service narrative

    Powerful thunderstorm winds destroyed a barn in the Hewitt area. Several antique and specialty cars that were being stored in the barn were damaged. In addition, part of a roof was blown off of a house in the town of Cameron. Numerous trees and power lines were damaged in the Marshfield, Hewitt, Pittsville and Dexterville areas.

  1. Storm Events records before 1996 cover only tornadoes, thunderstorm wind and hail. Damage figures are as reported by the National Weather Service at the time, not adjusted for inflation.

NOAA NCEI Storm Events Database, 1950 to 2026, issued October 26, 2026.

Weather records

From Marshfield Experiment Farm, 2.4 miles from the city centre, with records from 1912.

All-time high
105°FMay 31, 1934
All-time low
−37°FJan 23, 1963
Warmest night
78°FJul 15, 1936
Coldest day
−16°F2 times, most recently Jan 15, 1972
Wettest day
5.04 inSep 7, 2015
Snowiest day
14.0 inDec 12, 2010
Hottest year
1931mean 47.7°F
Coldest year
1917mean 38.4°F
Wettest year
201948.51 in
Driest year
192320.96 in
Snowiest season
93.9 in2018-19
Average monthly high and low temperature and precipitation, last 30 years, Marshfield Experiment Farm 32°F 23° 7° 1.1 Jan 28° 9° 1.0 Feb 40° 21° 1.9 Mar 54° 33° 3.3 Apr 66° 45° 4.0 May 76° 56° 5.0 Jun 81° 60° 3.6 Jul 78° 57° 4.1 Aug 71° 50° 3.5 Sep 58° 38° 3.0 Oct 42° 26° 1.7 Nov 28° 13° 1.6 Dec Precipitation, inches
Average daily high and low by month, and average monthly precipitation, over the last 30 years.
Nights at or below freezing per year 1976: 192 192 1977: 159 1978: 179 1979: 178 1980: 176 1981: 166 1982: 167 1983: 172 1984: 166 1985: 157 1986: 162 1987: 161 1988: 184 1989: 173 1990: 166 1991: 177 1992: 172 1993: 170 1994: 154 1995: 166 1996: 177 1997: 183 1998: 144 1999: 164 2000: 155 2001: 161 2002: 189 2003: 169 2004: 158 2005: 161 2006: 170 2007: 153 2008: 174 2009: 161 2010: 146 2011: 166 2012: 150 2013: 186 2014: 174 2015: 152 2016: 143 2017: 158 2018: 190 2019: 173 2020: 181 2021: 163 2022: 176 2023: 161 2024: 147 2025: 161 19761986199620062016
Nights at or below freezing each complete year, last 50 years. Thirty-year average: 164.9.
Snowfall by winter 1976: 30.7 in 1977: 46.3 in 1978: 55.2 in 1979: 35.6 in 1980: 16.0 in 1981: 49.0 in 1982: 37.8 in 1983: 47.3 in 1984: 60.1 in 1985: 61.4 in 1986: 36.8 in 1987: 36.8 in 1988: 56.1 in 1989: 33.8 in 1990: 57.3 in 1991: 70.2 in 1992: 53.2 in 1993: 65.7 in 1994: 40.8 in 1995: 69.4 in 1996: 70.3 in 1997: 50.6 in 1998: 39.9 in 1999: 32.0 in 2000: 61.5 in 2001: 53.1 in 2002: 35.3 in 2003: 54.3 in 2004: 53.2 in 2005: 49.1 in 2006: 48.9 in 2007: 84.8 in 2008: 67.6 in 2009: 28.1 in 2010: 69.4 in 2011: 36.9 in 2012: 81.9 in 2013: 89.1 in 2014: 51.6 in 2015: 40.3 in 2016: 61.9 in 2017: 70.6 in 2018: 93.9 in 93.9 2019: 69.7 in 2020: 28.2 in 2021: 46.8 in 2022: 70.9 in 2023: 28.9 in 2024: 43.5 in 2025: 70.7 in 19761986199620062016
Total snowfall each winter (July to June), last 50 winters.

Median first snow

November 8

Earliest: September 26, 1942

Median last snow

April 12

Latest: May 29, 1947

0 of 111 winters had no measurable snow.

Station Marshfield Experiment Farm (USC00475120), 1,237 ft elevation, 2.4 miles from the city centre. Daily records from 1912 to October 28, 2026; 99.5% of days in the last 30 years are complete. Records at a single station can differ from a city’s official threaded record, which may combine several stations.

NOAA NCEI Global Historical Climatology Network Daily.

Federal disaster declarations

13 since 1953. The most recent: Covid-19 Pandemic, April 4, 2020.

Declarations for Wood County.

Federal disaster declarations
Apr 4, 2020BiologicalCovid-19 PandemicMajor disasterDR-4520-WI
Mar 13, 2020BiologicalCovid-19EmergencyEM-3454-WI
Aug 27, 2019FloodSevere Storms, Tornadoes, Straight-Line Winds, and FloodingMajor disasterDR-4459-WI
Oct 21, 2010Severe StormSevere Storms and FloodingMajor disasterDR-1944-WI
Sep 13, 2005HurricaneHurricane Katrina EvacuationEmergencyEM-3249-WI
Jun 18, 2004Severe StormSevere Storms and FloodingMajor disasterDR-1526-WI
Sep 10, 2002TornadoSevere Storms, Tornadoes and FloodingMajor disasterDR-1432-WI
Jul 19, 2002Severe StormSevere Storms and FloodingMajor disasterDR-1429-WI
May 11, 2001FloodFlooding, Severe Storms and TornadoesMajor disasterDR-1369-WI
Jul 2, 1993Severe StormSevere Storms, Tornadoes & FloodingMajor disasterDR-994-WI
Jun 17, 1976DroughtDroughtEmergencyEM-3014-WI
Apr 27, 1973FloodSevere Storms & FloodingMajor disasterDR-376-WI
May 1, 1969FloodFloodingMajor disasterDR-260-WI

This product uses the Federal Emergency Management Agency's OpenFEMA API, but is not endorsed by FEMA. The Federal Government or FEMA cannot vouch for the data or analyses derived from these data after the data have been retrieved from the Agency's website(s).

OpenFEMA Disaster Declarations Summaries, retrieved October 30, 2026. Statewide declarations are not listed.

Sources and vintage

Every number on this page comes from these public records.

  • Tornadoes NOAA Storm Prediction Center severe weather database, through 2025.
  • Tropical cyclones NOAA National Hurricane Center HURDAT2 (Atlantic; Northeast and Central Pacific), through 2025.
  • Wildfire USGS/USFS Monitoring Trends in Burn Severity, through 2026.
  • Storm events NOAA NCEI Storm Events Database, through 2026.
  • Flood insurance OpenFEMA NFIP Redacted Claims v3, refreshed August 4, 2026.
  • Declarations OpenFEMA Disaster Declarations Summaries v2, retrieved October 30, 2026.
  • Weather records NOAA NCEI Global Historical Climatology Network Daily, station USC00475120.
  • River crests NOAA National Weather Service, National Water Prediction Service river gauges, retrieved October 30, 2026.
  • Drought NOAA NCEI nClimDiv county Palmer Drought Severity Index, through September 2026.
  • Smoke NOAA NESDIS Hazard Mapping System smoke analysis, retrieved October 30, 2026.
  • Earthquakes USGS ANSS Comprehensive Earthquake Catalog (ComCat), retrieved October 30, 2026.

Joins, thresholds and known limits are set out in the methodology. Found an error? Report it. Page built October 30, 2026.