McDuffie County

Population 21,640 (2025) 257 sq mi

22 tropical storms and hurricanes have passed within 50 miles of McDuffie County since 1851, 0 of them at hurricane strength; the strongest was an unnamed storm in 1854 (Tropical storm).

Hazard fingerprint for McDuffie County Tornado: 45th percentile. Tropical: 65th percentile. Wildfire: 0th percentile. Flood: 15th percentile. Hail & wind: 61th percentile. Heat: 0th percentile. Cold: 0th percentile. Winter: 9th percentile. TORTROPFIREFLOODSEVEREHEATCOLDWINTER

Hazard fingerprint Each spoke is this county’s percentile among U.S. counties where that hazard occurs. How it is computed

2026
  • Tornado damage paths since 19509
  • Tropical cyclone tracks within 100 miles since 1851, wider where stronger47

At a glance

The record for McDuffie County in eight numbers. Each links to its section below.

Tropical cyclones within 50 mi

22

76th of 159 in Georgia

None at hurricane strength since 1851

Details

Tornadoes since 1950

9

120th of 159 in Georgia

Fewer than the typical Georgia county, which has had 13

Details

Flood insurance claims

1

129th of 159 in Georgia

$0 paid since 2022

Details

Strongest tornado

EF3

February 18, 2009, 19.7 mile path

Strongest tropical cyclone

TS

Tropical storm (unnamed), 1854, 47.1 miles away

Largest earthquake within 50 mi

4.5magnitude

March 5, 1914, 49.6 miles away

Details

Federal disaster declarations

15

Most recent: Severe Winter Storm, 2026

Details

Record high

107°F

July 1, 2012

Details

Tornadoes

About one every 8.4 years since 1950, one of them rated F3/EF3 or stronger.

Strongest

February 18, 2009

EF3, 19.7 mile path

880 yards wide.

Deadliest

May 24, 1955

3 killed, F0

0 injured along the whole path.

Most recent

Thursday, January 12, 2023

EF1, 18.3 mile path

3 years ago.

Tornadoes by decade Doppler radar era² 1950s: 2 2 1960s: 0 1970s: 1 1 1980s: 0 1990s: 0 2000s: 5 5 2010s: 0 2020s: 1 1 1950s1960s1970s1980s1990s2000s2010s2020s
Recorded tornadoes per decade. The 2020s are incomplete.
Tornadoes by month J: 2 2 F: 2 M: 2 A: 2 M: 1 J: 0 J: 0 A: 0 S: 0 O: 0 N: 0 D: 0 JFMAMJJASOND
By month of occurrence, all years.

Every recorded tornado

Tornadoes in McDuffie County since 1950
Jan 12, 2023EF118.315000
Apr 10, 2009EF00.44000
Feb 18, 2009EF319.788000
Mar 15, 2008EF04.611000
Mar 1, 2007EF211.744830
Jan 13, 2005F00.13000
Feb 2, 1973F11.05000
Apr 5, 1957F223.340000
May 24, 1955F01.05003
  1. Injuries and deaths are for the tornado’s whole path, which may extend beyond the county. Deaths recorded within McDuffie County: 3.
  2. Weak tornadoes were under-recorded before Doppler radar coverage became national in the early 1990s, so earlier decades read low. Ratings use the Fujita scale before February 2007 and the Enhanced Fujita scale after.

Storm Prediction Center severe weather database, 1950 to 2025.

Hurricanes and tropical storms

22 passed within 50 miles since 1851; none at hurricane strength.

Strongest within 50 miles

September 9, 1854

Unnamed storm, Tropical storm

47.1 miles at closest approach, winds near 69 mph.

Most recent

September 27, 2024

Helene, Tropical storm

31.4 miles at closest approach.

Tropical cyclones within 50 miles by decade 50s: 5 5 60s: 0 70s: 1 80s: 3 90s: 2 00s: 2 10s: 1 20s: 0 30s: 1 40s: 2 50s: 0 60s: 2 70s: 0 80s: 0 90s: 0 00s: 0 10s: 1 20s: 2 50s60s70s80s90s00s10s20s30s40s50s60s70s80s90s00s10s20s
Storms within 50 miles, by decade. Records before about 1900 miss storms that never reached land or ships.

Every storm within 100 miles

Tropical cyclones within 100 miles
Helene202431.4Tropical storm63Category 4
Idalia202388.1Tropical storm60Category 4
Elsa202146.7Tropical storm46Category 1
Nestor201938.6Post-tropical46Tropical storm
Michael20180.0Tropical storm55Category 5
Hermine201691.2Tropical storm58Category 1
Earl199856.3Post-tropical46Category 2
Allison199564.5Post-tropical40Category 1
Kate198574.4Tropical storm60Category 3
Bob198594.5Tropical storm61Category 1
David197977.8Tropical storm67Category 5
Alma197079.4Tropical storm46Category 1
Unnamed19650.0Tropical storm41Tropical storm
Dora196475.6Tropical storm69Category 4
Cleo196411.6Tropical storm40Category 4
Gracie195983.8Category 175Category 4
Flossy195659.3Post-tropical46Category 1
Florence195399.1Post-tropical46Category 3
Able195284.3Tropical storm67Category 2
Unnamed19491.9Tropical storm62Category 4
Unnamed194789.8Post-tropical46Tropical storm
Unnamed194639.1Tropical storm48Category 2
Unnamed194491.7Tropical storm58Category 4
Unnamed194160.4Tropical storm48Category 3
Unnamed194061.9Tropical storm55Category 2
Unnamed193543.8Tropical storm59Category 5
Unnamed192945.4Post-tropical58Category 4
Unnamed192792.0Tropical storm46Tropical storm
Unnamed192484.7Post-tropical63Category 1
Unnamed191674.6Tropical storm52Category 3
Unnamed191521.7Tropical storm44Category 1
Unnamed191225.9Post-tropical40Tropical storm
Unnamed191166.2Tropical storm49Category 2
Unnamed190773.9Post-tropical40Tropical storm
Unnamed190665.5Tropical storm44Category 1
Unnamed190277.2Post-tropical40Category 2
Unnamed190242.2Tropical storm40Tropical storm
Unnamed190142.4Post-tropical40Tropical storm
Unnamed190139.0Tropical storm40Category 1
Unnamed189896.9Tropical storm63Category 4
Unnamed189849.1Tropical storm56Category 1
Unnamed189691.6Category 194Category 3
Unnamed189478.5Category 175Category 3
Unnamed18939.7Tropical storm48Category 4
Unnamed189367.1Category 192Category 3
Unnamed18897.1Tropical storm52Category 2
Unnamed188868.7Tropical storm40Tropical storm
Unnamed188658.4Tropical storm59Category 2
Unnamed18861.7Tropical storm47Category 2
Unnamed188552.1Tropical storm46Tropical storm
Unnamed188228.3Tropical storm46Category 3
Unnamed188194.1Tropical storm66Category 2
Unnamed187735.0Tropical storm46Category 3
Unnamed185935.5Tropical storm46Category 1
Unnamed185641.3Tropical storm60Category 3
Unnamed185447.1Tropical storm69Category 3
Unnamed185263.6Tropical storm61Category 2
Unnamed18524.9Tropical storm46Category 3
Unnamed185126.8Tropical storm63Category 3
  1. Tropical storms and hurricanes (34 kt or more, still tropical) at closest approach. Post-tropical remnants with gale-force winds are listed but not counted. Direct: track within 50 miles; near: within 100 miles. Distance is measured to the county boundary for counties and to the city centre for cities, using positions interpolated hourly between HURDAT2 fixes.

National Hurricane Center HURDAT2, 1851 to 2025.

Wildfire and smoke

No large wildfire has been mapped here since satellite mapping began in 1984.

Smoke overhead

Smokiest year

2023: 39 days

Heavy smoke on 3 days in 2025, the most of any year.

Last 10 years

9.7 days a year

Medium or heavy smoke, 2016 to 2025.

2025

12 days

Medium or heavy smoke. 33 so far in 2026.

Days with medium or heavy smoke overhead, by year 2011: 9 2012: 4 2013: 1 2014: 0 2015: 1 2016: 1 2017: 1 2018: 3 2019: 5 2020: 3 2021: 12 2022: 13 2023: 39 39 2024: 8 2025: 12 201120122013201420152016201720182019202020212022202320242025
Days each year on which a satellite-traced plume of medium or heavy smoke covered the county’s population centre, 2011 to 2025.
  1. A smoke day is a date on which a smoke plume traced by NOAA Hazard Mapping System analysts from satellite imagery covered this place's point (the county's population centre or the city centre). Counts here are of medium or heavy smoke. Since 2018 analysts have often drawn light smoke as one area over most of the continent, so light-smoke counts are not comparable from year to year. The plumes show smoke anywhere in the air above, not air quality at the ground, and smoke hidden by cloud is missed.

NOAA Hazard Mapping System smoke analysis, 2011 to 2026, retrieved October 30, 2026.

Floods and flood insurance

1 federal flood insurance claims since 2022, with $0 paid.

Federal flood insurance claims by year
Claims per year since 2022. Years with fewer than five claims are not shown.

Flood events since 1996

  • Flash Flood4
  • Heavy Rain1

This product uses the Federal Emergency Management Agency's OpenFEMA API, but is not endorsed by FEMA. The Federal Government or FEMA cannot vouch for the data or analyses derived from these data after the data have been retrieved from the Agency's website(s).

OpenFEMA NFIP Redacted Claims v3, refreshed August 4, 2026. NOAA Storm Events through 2026.

Drought

In severe drought or worse for 98 of 1,581 months since 1895 (6%); the longest spell lasted 21 months.

98

Months in severe drought or worse since 1895

21

Months in extreme drought

6%

Share of all months, severe or worse

Lowest reading

April 2012

−5.35, extreme drought

Longest severe spell

21 months

May 2011 to January 2013.

Latest month

September 2026

−3.67, severe drought

Months in severe drought or worse, by year 1895: 0 1896: 0 1897: 0 1898: 5 1899: 0 1900: 0 1901: 0 1902: 0 1903: 0 1904: 0 1905: 0 1906: 0 1907: 0 1908: 0 1909: 0 1910: 0 1911: 1 1912: 0 1913: 0 1914: 0 1915: 0 1916: 0 1917: 0 1918: 0 1919: 0 1920: 0 1921: 0 1922: 0 1923: 0 1924: 0 1925: 6 1926: 2 1927: 5 1928: 0 1929: 0 1930: 0 1931: 2 1932: 0 1933: 1 1934: 3 1935: 0 1936: 0 1937: 0 1938: 1 1939: 0 1940: 0 1941: 0 1942: 0 1943: 0 1944: 0 1945: 6 1946: 0 1947: 0 1948: 0 1949: 0 1950: 0 1951: 0 1952: 0 1953: 0 1954: 5 1955: 1 1956: 0 1957: 0 1958: 0 1959: 0 1960: 0 1961: 0 1962: 0 1963: 0 1964: 0 1965: 0 1966: 0 1967: 0 1968: 0 1969: 0 1970: 0 1971: 0 1972: 0 1973: 0 1974: 0 1975: 0 1976: 0 1977: 0 1978: 1 1979: 0 1980: 0 1981: 0 1982: 0 1983: 0 1984: 0 1985: 0 1986: 2 1987: 2 1988: 1 1989: 0 1990: 0 1991: 0 1992: 0 1993: 2 1994: 0 1995: 0 1996: 0 1997: 0 1998: 0 1999: 1 2000: 5 2001: 0 2002: 7 2003: 0 2004: 1 2005: 0 2006: 0 2007: 2 2008: 4 2009: 0 2010: 0 2011: 10 2012: 12 12 2013: 1 2014: 0 2015: 0 2016: 4 2017: 2 2018: 0 2019: 0 2020: 0 2021: 0 2022: 0 2023: 0 2024: 0 2025: 0 18951905191519251935194519551965197519851995200520152025
Months each year with a Palmer index of −3 or lower, 1895 to 2025. Twelve means the whole year.
  1. The Palmer Drought Severity Index is computed by NOAA each month from the county's average temperature and precipitation, relative to the county's own climate. Zero is normal; -3 or lower is severe drought and -4 or lower extreme drought. It describes the long-term balance of moisture, not water supply or crop losses.

NOAA NCEI nClimDiv county Palmer Drought Severity Index, 1895 to September 2026, issued October 6, 2026.

Earthquakes

3 earthquakes of magnitude 4 or more within 50 miles since 1900; the largest was magnitude 4.5 in 1914.

0

Magnitude 2.5+ inside the county since 1973

14

Magnitude 3+ within 50 miles since 1973

3

Magnitude 4+ within 50 miles since 1900

0

Magnitude 5+ within 50 miles since 1900

Largest within 50 miles

March 5, 1914

Magnitude 4.5

Near Madison, Georgia; 49.6 miles away.

Most recent, magnitude 3 or more

August 23, 2025

Magnitude 3.0

3 km N of Coronaca, South Carolina; 47.7 miles away.

Earthquakes of magnitude 3 or more within 50 miles, by year 1973: 0 1974: 4 4 1975: 0 1976: 0 1977: 0 1978: 0 1979: 0 1980: 0 1981: 0 1982: 0 1983: 0 1984: 0 1985: 0 1986: 0 1987: 1 1988: 0 1989: 0 1990: 0 1991: 0 1992: 1 1993: 1 1994: 0 1995: 0 1996: 0 1997: 0 1998: 0 1999: 0 2000: 0 2001: 0 2002: 0 2003: 1 2004: 0 2005: 0 2006: 0 2007: 0 2008: 0 2009: 2 2010: 0 2011: 0 2012: 0 2013: 0 2014: 2 2015: 0 2016: 0 2017: 1 2018: 0 2019: 0 2020: 0 2021: 0 2022: 0 2023: 0 2024: 0 2025: 1 19731978198319881993199820032008201320182023
Per year, 1973 to 2025.

Every earthquake of magnitude 4 or more within 50 miles

Earthquakes of magnitude 4 or more within 50 miles
Feb 14, 20144.122.43.212 km ENE of Parksville, South Carolina
Aug 2, 19744.314.70.68 km N of Lincolnton, Georgia
Mar 5, 19144.549.6—Near Madison, Georgia
  1. Earthquakes of magnitude 2.5 or more in the USGS Comprehensive Catalog since 1900. Within 50 miles means the epicentre lies within 50 miles of the county boundary (or inside the county).
  2. Small earthquakes were under-recorded before the modern seismic networks of the 1970s and are still missed in remote areas, so early decades read low. Magnitudes are as the catalogue reports them and mix scales (moment, local and body-wave).

USGS ANSS Comprehensive Earthquake Catalog, 1900 to present, retrieved October 30, 2026.

Severe weather and other events

173 events in the National Weather Service record, 157 of them since 1996.

17

Hail reports, 1 inch or larger

0

Hail, 2 inches or larger

86

Damaging gusts, 58 mph+

12

Winter weather events since 1996

0

Heat events since 1996

0

Cold events since 1996

Largest hail

October 4, 1979

1.75 inches

Strongest measured or estimated gust

April 22, 1997

92 mph

More event types since 1996

Other Storm Events types since 1996
Lightning201Jun 2, 2006

Costliest events since 1996

  1. Sep 27, 2024Tropical Storm, Mcduffie$16.0 million
    National Weather Service narrative

    Significant tree and power line damage observed through the entire county. Falling trees and wind caused substantial structural damage across the county. At least 461 homes sustained some level of damage including 51 destroyed and 93 with major damage. Many roads were closed and power outages were widespread. Max winds at Thomson-McDuffie Airport were 31 kts sustained (36 mph) and gusts to 52 kts (60 mph) before the observation was lost. Minimum recorded mean sea level pressure at Thomson-McDuffie Airport was 977.0 mb. A mesonet site south of Dearing observed a gust to 61 mph. NWS storm survey team estimated max wind gusts around 80-90 mph. Four fatalities occurred in the county.…

  2. Apr 22, 1997Thunderstorm Wind$2.8 million
    National Weather Service narrative

    GEMA reports numerous trees down in Thompson.

  3. Apr 10, 2009Tornado$72,000
    National Weather Service narrative

    Dispatch reported trees down, some on vehicles, on Moose Club road. NWS damage survey also found and minor damage to several homes.

  4. Jul 27, 2010Thunderstorm Wind$24,000
    National Weather Service narrative

    Sheriff reported trees down in Thomson, one was on a car that did moderate damage to it.

  5. Apr 5, 2011Thunderstorm Wind$24,000
    National Weather Service narrative

    Sheriff reported numerous trees and powerlines down across McDuffie County.

  6. Feb 24, 2012Thunderstorm Wind$20,000
    National Weather Service narrative

    Sheriff reported numerous trees down across southern McDuffie county.

  7. Jan 24, 2010Flash Flood$20,000
    National Weather Service narrative

    Sheriff reported flooding at apartment complex with up to a foot of water in several apartments.

  8. Jun 15, 2011Thunderstorm Wind$18,000
    National Weather Service narrative

    Sheriff reported trees and powerlines down county wide.

  9. Oct 13, 2011Thunderstorm Wind$15,000
    National Weather Service narrative

    WRDW reported a tree down on a mobile home near Thomson.

  10. Jul 1, 2012Hail$15,000
    National Weather Service narrative

    Half dollar size hail shredded leaves and left several dents on cars.

  1. Storm Events records before 1996 cover only tornadoes, thunderstorm wind and hail. Damage figures are as reported by the National Weather Service at the time, not adjusted for inflation.

NOAA NCEI Storm Events Database, 1950 to 2026, issued October 26, 2026.

Weather records

From Appling 2 Nw, 10.2 miles from the county’s population centre, with records from 1961.

All-time high
107°FJul 1, 2012
All-time low
−4°FJan 21, 1985
Warmest night
77°F4 times, most recently Aug 17, 2010
Coldest day
21°FJan 28, 1986
Wettest day
9.50 inOct 12, 1990
Snowiest day
9.0 inFeb 10, 1973
Hottest year
2021mean 64.9°F
Coldest year
1980mean 59.1°F
Wettest year
196475.36 in
Driest year
199932.33 in
Snowiest season
10.0 in1972-73
Average monthly high and low temperature and precipitation, last 30 years, Appling 2 Nw 32°F 57° 31° 4.1 Jan 61° 35° 3.8 Feb 69° 41° 4.5 Mar 76° 48° 3.1 Apr 82° 57° 3.8 May 88° 66° 4.3 Jun 91° 69° 4.1 Jul 90° 68° 4.0 Aug 85° 62° 3.5 Sep 76° 50° 2.5 Oct 67° 39° 3.0 Nov 59° 34° 4.0 Dec Precipitation, inches
Average daily high and low by month, and average monthly precipitation, over the last 30 years.
Days reaching 95°F per year 1976: 15 1978: 37 1979: 21 1980: 61 61 1981: 34 1982: 10 1983: 35 1984: 13 1986: 35 1987: 19 1988: 13 1989: 4 1990: 23 1991: 5 1992: 7 1993: 52 1994: 1 1997: 5 1998: 31 1999: 27 2000: 24 2001: 5 2003: 0 2009: 11 2010: 25 2011: 50 2012: 18 2013: 1 2015: 23 2018: 10 2019: 28 2020: 8 2021: 0 2022: 13 2023: 8 2025: 27 1976198820002019
Days reaching 95°F each complete year, last 50 years. Thirty-year average: 16.5.
Snowfall by winter 1975: 0.0 in 1977: 0.0 in 1978: 0.0 in 1979: 0.0 in 1980: 0.0 in 1981: 1.1 in 1982: 6.0 in 6.0 1983: 0.0 in 1984: 0.0 in 1985: 0.0 in 1986: 0.0 in 1987: 0.0 in 1988: 0.0 in 1989: 0.0 in 1990: 0.0 in 1991: 0.0 in 1992: 0.0 in 1993: 0.0 in 1994: 0.0 in 1995: 0.0 in 1996: 0.0 in 1997: 0.0 in 1998: 0.0 in 1999: 0.0 in 2000: 0.0 in 2001: 0.0 in 2002: 0.0 in 2003: 0.0 in 2004: 0.0 in 2005: 0.0 in 2006: 0.0 in 2007: 0.0 in 2009: 0.0 in 2014: 0.0 in 2016: 0.0 in 2018: 0.0 in 2019: 0.0 in 2022: 0.0 in 2024: 1.3 in 1975198619962006
Total snowfall each winter (July to June), last 50 winters.

46 of 52 winters had no measurable snow.

Station Appling 2 Nw (USC00090311), 396 ft elevation, 10.2 miles from the population centre. Daily records from 1961 to July 31, 2026; 90.4% of days in the last 30 years are complete. Records at a single station can differ from a city’s official threaded record, which may combine several stations.

NOAA NCEI Global Historical Climatology Network Daily.

Federal disaster declarations

15 since 1953. The most recent: Severe Winter Storm, January 24, 2026.

Federal disaster declarations
Jan 24, 2026Winter StormSevere Winter StormEmergencyEM-3642-GA
Sep 30, 2024HurricaneHurricane HeleneMajor disasterDR-4830-GA
Sep 26, 2024Tropical StormHurricane HeleneEmergencyEM-3616-GA
Mar 29, 2020BiologicalCovid-19 PandemicMajor disasterDR-4501-GA
Mar 13, 2020BiologicalCovid-19EmergencyEM-3464-GA
Oct 10, 2018HurricaneHurricane MichaelEmergencyEM-3406-GA
Sep 15, 2017HurricaneHurricane IrmaMajor disasterDR-4338-GA
Sep 8, 2017HurricaneHurricane IrmaEmergencyEM-3387-GA
Mar 6, 2014Severe Ice StormSevere Winter StormMajor disasterDR-4165-GA
Feb 11, 2014Severe Ice StormSevere Winter StormEmergencyEM-3368-GA
Mar 3, 2007Severe StormSevere Storms and TornadoesMajor disasterDR-1686-GA
Sep 5, 2005HurricaneHurricane Katrina EvacuationEmergencyEM-3218-GA
Mar 15, 1993SnowstormSevere Snowfall, Winter StormEmergencyEM-3097-GA
Oct 19, 1990FloodSevere Storms & FloodingMajor disasterDR-880-GA
Jul 20, 1977DroughtDroughtEmergencyEM-3044-GA

This product uses the Federal Emergency Management Agency's OpenFEMA API, but is not endorsed by FEMA. The Federal Government or FEMA cannot vouch for the data or analyses derived from these data after the data have been retrieved from the Agency's website(s).

OpenFEMA Disaster Declarations Summaries, retrieved October 30, 2026. Statewide declarations are not listed.

How this compares

Where McDuffie County stands among 159 counties in Georgia and 3,143 in the United States.

Ranks
Tornadoes since 19509120 / 1592,326 / 3,143
Tornadoes rated F3/EF3 or stronger140 / 1591,281 / 3,143
Tropical cyclones within 50 mi2276 / 159474 / 3,143
Hurricane-strength passes within 50 mi0——
Wildfire acres since 19840——
Flood insurance claims1129 / 1592,799 / 3,143
Flood insurance paid$0——
Disaster declarations15122 / 1592,305 / 3,143
Flood events since 19965151 / 1593,040 / 3,143
Hail and wind events since 1996132103 / 1592,531 / 3,143
Winter storm events since 19961276 / 1592,780 / 3,143
Reported damage since 1996$19.1 million53 / 1591,520 / 3,143
River crests at major flood stage0——
High tide flooding days a year, last 10 years0.0——
Months in severe drought since 189598150 / 1592,433 / 3,143
Medium or heavy smoke days a year, last 10 years9.765 / 1592,651 / 3,143
Earthquakes M4+ within 50 mi since 190036 / 159949 / 3,143
Earthquakes M2.5+ in the county since 19730——

Neighbouring counties

Neighbouring counties
Columbia County7210164
Jefferson County153002
Lincoln County101300
Richmond County10261,374574
Warren County62100
Wilkes County51200

Sources and vintage

Every number on this page comes from these public records.

  • Tornadoes NOAA Storm Prediction Center severe weather database, through 2025.
  • Tropical cyclones NOAA National Hurricane Center HURDAT2 (Atlantic; Northeast and Central Pacific), through 2025.
  • Wildfire USGS/USFS Monitoring Trends in Burn Severity, through 2026.
  • Storm events NOAA NCEI Storm Events Database, through 2026.
  • Flood insurance OpenFEMA NFIP Redacted Claims v3, refreshed August 4, 2026.
  • Declarations OpenFEMA Disaster Declarations Summaries v2, retrieved October 30, 2026.
  • Weather records NOAA NCEI Global Historical Climatology Network Daily, station USC00090311.
  • River crests NOAA National Weather Service, National Water Prediction Service river gauges, retrieved October 30, 2026.
  • Drought NOAA NCEI nClimDiv county Palmer Drought Severity Index, through September 2026.
  • Smoke NOAA NESDIS Hazard Mapping System smoke analysis, retrieved October 30, 2026.
  • Earthquakes USGS ANSS Comprehensive Earthquake Catalog (ComCat), retrieved October 30, 2026.

Joins, thresholds and known limits are set out in the methodology. Found an error? Report it. Page built October 30, 2026.