Broadwater County

Population 8,493 (2025) 1,192 sq mi

Large wildfires have burned 124,885 acres of Broadwater County since 1984, 25th most of 56 counties in Montana; the largest was the Toston-Maudlow Fire in 2000.

Hazard fingerprint for Broadwater County Tornado: 2th percentile. Tropical: 0th percentile. Wildfire: 84th percentile. Flood: 2th percentile. Hail & wind: 15th percentile. Heat: 0th percentile. Cold: 67th percentile. Winter: 65th percentile. TORTROPFIREFLOODSEVEREHEATCOLDWINTER

Hazard fingerprint Each spoke is this county’s percentile among U.S. counties where that hazard occurs. How it is computed

2026
  • Tornado damage paths since 19501
  • Wildfire burn scars since 198412

At a glance

The record for Broadwater County in eight numbers. Each links to its section below.

Acres burned since 1984

124,885

25th of 56 in Montana

12 large fires; the largest was Toston-Maudlow, 2000

Details

Tornadoes since 1950

1

47th of 56 in Montana

Fewer than the typical Montana county, which has had 6

Details

Flood insurance claims

2

43rd of 56 in Montana

$6,500 paid since 2011

Details

Strongest tornado

F0

June 12, 1992, 0.1 mile path

Largest earthquake within 50 mi

6.6magnitude

June 27, 1925, inside the county

Details

Federal disaster declarations

12

Most recent: Severe Winter Storm and Straight-Line Winds, 2026

Details

Record high

105°F

August 6, 1961

Details

Record low

−39°F

Reached 2 times, most recently January 27, 1957

Details

Tornadoes

About one every 76 years since 1950, none rated F3/EF3 or stronger.

Strongest

June 12, 1992

F0, 0.1 mile path

10 yards wide.

Most recent

Friday, June 12, 1992

F0, 0.1 mile path

34 years ago.

Tornadoes by decade Doppler radar era² 1950s: 0 1960s: 0 1970s: 0 1980s: 0 1990s: 1 1 2000s: 0 2010s: 0 2020s: 0 1950s1960s1970s1980s1990s2000s2010s2020s
Recorded tornadoes per decade. The 2020s are incomplete.
Tornadoes by month J: 0 F: 0 M: 0 A: 0 M: 0 J: 1 1 J: 0 A: 0 S: 0 O: 0 N: 0 D: 0 JFMAMJJASOND
By month of occurrence, all years.

Every recorded tornado

Tornadoes in Broadwater County since 1950
Jun 12, 1992F00.11000
  1. Injuries and deaths are for the tornado’s whole path, which may extend beyond the county. Deaths recorded within Broadwater County: 0.
  2. Weak tornadoes were under-recorded before Doppler radar coverage became national in the early 1990s, so earlier decades read low. Ratings use the Fujita scale before February 2007 and the Enhanced Fujita scale after.

Storm Prediction Center severe weather database, 1950 to 2025.

Hurricanes and tropical storms

No tropical storm or hurricane has tracked within 100 miles since records began in 1851.

Wildfire and smoke

124,885 acres burned in 12 large fires since 1984, equal to 16% of the land.

Largest

August 15, 2000

Toston-Maudlow Fire, 80,319 acres

44,619 acres inside Broadwater County.

Most recent

July 9, 2024

Horse Gulch Fire

15,235 acres in total.

Acres burned since 1984, cumulative 1988: 15,1271989: 2,7721996: 1,8102000: 68,2182015: 9,9052021: 21,9342022: 1782024: 4,941 124,885 acres 198519901995200020052010201520202025
Running total of acres burned inside the county (line) and each year’s acres (bars).

Every large fire

Large wildfires since 1984
Horse Gulch20244,94015,235
Matt Staff Rd20221771,440
Woods Creek202117,65255,808
Deep Creek Canyon20214,2814,277
Eustis20158,4698,464
Cabin Gulch20151,4351,432
Toston-Maudlow200044,61980,319
Canyon Ferry Complex (Cave Gulch)200017,93026,977
Canyon Ferry Complex (Bucksnort)20005,66714,831
Angus19961,8101,808
Indian Creek19892,7722,773
Canyon Creek198815,12735,835
  1. Large fires mapped by the Monitoring Trends in Burn Severity program since 1984: 1,000 acres or more in the West, 500 or more in the East. Prescribed burns are excluded. Acres here are the part of each perimeter inside this place.

Monitoring Trends in Burn Severity (USGS and U.S. Forest Service), 1984 to 2026.

Smoke overhead

Smokiest year

2021: 63 days

Heavy smoke on 46 days in 2021, the most of any year.

Last 10 years

28.0 days a year

Medium or heavy smoke, 2016 to 2025.

2025

15 days

Medium or heavy smoke. 32 so far in 2026.

Days with medium or heavy smoke overhead, by year 2011: 6 2012: 28 2013: 14 2014: 10 2015: 17 2016: 4 2017: 34 2018: 28 2019: 5 2020: 25 2021: 63 63 2022: 26 2023: 26 2024: 54 2025: 15 201120122013201420152016201720182019202020212022202320242025
Days each year on which a satellite-traced plume of medium or heavy smoke covered the county’s population centre, 2011 to 2025.
  1. A smoke day is a date on which a smoke plume traced by NOAA Hazard Mapping System analysts from satellite imagery covered this place's point (the county's population centre or the city centre). Counts here are of medium or heavy smoke. Since 2018 analysts have often drawn light smoke as one area over most of the continent, so light-smoke counts are not comparable from year to year. The plumes show smoke anywhere in the air above, not air quality at the ground, and smoke hidden by cloud is missed.

NOAA Hazard Mapping System smoke analysis, 2011 to 2026, retrieved October 30, 2026.

Floods and flood insurance

2 federal flood insurance claims since 2011, with $6,500 paid.

Federal flood insurance claims by year
Claims per year since 2011. Years with fewer than five claims are not shown.

Flood events since 1996

  • Flood3
  • Flash Flood2

This product uses the Federal Emergency Management Agency's OpenFEMA API, but is not endorsed by FEMA. The Federal Government or FEMA cannot vouch for the data or analyses derived from these data after the data have been retrieved from the Agency's website(s).

OpenFEMA NFIP Redacted Claims v3, refreshed August 4, 2026. NOAA Storm Events through 2026.

River crests

Most severe crest

January 3, 1997

Jefferson River near Three Forks, 9.88 ft

1.88 feet above the 8.0 ft flood stage; major flooding by today’s categories.

Most recent moderate or major crest

June 2, 2018

Missouri River at Toston, 11.08 ft

Moderate flooding.

Highest river crests above flood stage
Jan 3, 1997Jefferson River near Three Forks9.88+1.88Major
Jun 12, 1997Missouri River at Toston12.22+1.72Major
Dec 10, 1980Jefferson River near Three Forks9.39+1.39Major
Jun 12, 2011Jefferson River near Three Forks9.38+1.38Major
Jun 11, 1997Jefferson River near Three Forks9.20+1.20Major
Jun 9, 1995Jefferson River near Three Forks9.00+1.00Major
Jun 6, 1948Missouri River at Toston11.77+1.27Moderate
Jun 15, 2011Missouri River at Toston11.53+1.03Moderate
Dec 14, 1984Jefferson River near Three Forks8.94+0.94Moderate
Dec 9, 1982Jefferson River near Three Forks8.89+0.89Moderate
Jun 18, 1974Missouri River at Toston11.32+0.82Moderate
Jun 20, 2010Jefferson River near Three Forks8.77+0.77Moderate
Jun 11, 1996Missouri River at Toston11.22+0.72Moderate
Jun 10, 1970Missouri River at Toston11.16+0.66Moderate
Jun 8, 1995Missouri River at Toston11.12+0.62Moderate
Jun 2, 2018Missouri River at Toston11.08+0.58Moderate
May 29, 2018Jefferson River near Three Forks8.53+0.53Moderate
Jun 24, 1984Jefferson River near Three Forks8.51+0.51Moderate
Jun 24, 1984Missouri River at Toston10.97+0.47Minor
Jun 22, 2018Jefferson River near Three Forks8.45+0.45Minor
Dec 15, 2011Jefferson River near Three Forks8.33+0.33Minor
May 24, 1981Missouri River at Toston10.83+0.33Minor
Jun 3, 1943Missouri River at Toston10.70+0.20Minor
Jun 12, 1996Jefferson River near Three Forks8.17+0.17Minor
May 30, 1956Missouri River at Toston10.65+0.15Minor

River gauges

River gauges and their highest listed crests
Jefferson River near Three Forks8.09.88 ftJan 3, 19975
Missouri River at Toston10.512.22 ftJun 12, 19971
  1. Crests are the highest and the recent crests the National Weather Service lists for each river gauge in the county that has a flood stage, not every flood. Flood categories use each gauge's current flood stages; crests from before levees, dams or channel changes may not be comparable. Crests measured on an old datum are left out of the rankings.

NOAA National Water Prediction Service gauge records, retrieved October 30, 2026.

Drought

In severe drought or worse for 292 of 1,581 months since 1895 (18%); the longest spell lasted 44 months.

292

Months in severe drought or worse since 1895

144

Months in extreme drought

18%

Share of all months, severe or worse

Lowest reading

August 1936

−6.96, extreme drought

Longest severe spell

44 months

July 1934 to February 1938.

Latest month

September 2026

−2.80, moderate drought

Last severe month: August 2026.

Months in severe drought or worse, by year 1895: 0 1896: 0 1897: 0 1898: 0 1899: 0 1900: 0 1901: 0 1902: 0 1903: 0 1904: 2 1905: 6 1906: 0 1907: 0 1908: 0 1909: 0 1910: 0 1911: 0 1912: 0 1913: 0 1914: 0 1915: 0 1916: 0 1917: 0 1918: 0 1919: 8 1920: 2 1921: 4 1922: 0 1923: 0 1924: 0 1925: 0 1926: 0 1927: 0 1928: 0 1929: 0 1930: 0 1931: 5 1932: 2 1933: 1 1934: 7 1935: 12 12 1936: 12 1937: 12 1938: 2 1939: 0 1940: 6 1941: 3 1942: 0 1943: 0 1944: 0 1945: 0 1946: 0 1947: 0 1948: 0 1949: 0 1950: 0 1951: 0 1952: 0 1953: 0 1954: 1 1955: 3 1956: 0 1957: 0 1958: 0 1959: 0 1960: 3 1961: 12 1962: 2 1963: 0 1964: 0 1965: 0 1966: 0 1967: 0 1968: 0 1969: 0 1970: 0 1971: 0 1972: 0 1973: 8 1974: 1 1975: 0 1976: 0 1977: 0 1978: 0 1979: 0 1980: 0 1981: 0 1982: 0 1983: 0 1984: 0 1985: 2 1986: 0 1987: 6 1988: 12 1989: 9 1990: 5 1991: 11 1992: 12 1993: 3 1994: 0 1995: 0 1996: 0 1997: 0 1998: 0 1999: 0 2000: 12 2001: 12 2002: 7 2003: 2 2004: 3 2005: 3 2006: 0 2007: 2 2008: 1 2009: 0 2010: 0 2011: 0 2012: 5 2013: 12 2014: 2 2015: 6 2016: 6 2017: 3 2018: 0 2019: 0 2020: 0 2021: 9 2022: 9 2023: 0 2024: 6 2025: 11 18951905191519251935194519551965197519851995200520152025
Months each year with a Palmer index of −3 or lower, 1895 to 2025. Twelve means the whole year.
  1. The Palmer Drought Severity Index is computed by NOAA each month from the county's average temperature and precipitation, relative to the county's own climate. Zero is normal; -3 or lower is severe drought and -4 or lower extreme drought. It describes the long-term balance of moisture, not water supply or crop losses.

NOAA NCEI nClimDiv county Palmer Drought Severity Index, 1895 to September 2026, issued October 6, 2026.

Earthquakes and volcanoes

41 earthquakes of magnitude 4 or more within 50 miles since 1900; the largest was magnitude 6.6 in 1925.

53

Magnitude 2.5+ inside the county since 1973

248

Magnitude 3+ within 50 miles since 1973

41

Magnitude 4+ within 50 miles since 1900

13

Magnitude 5+ within 50 miles since 1900

Largest within 50 miles

June 27, 1925

Magnitude 6.6

The 1925 Clarkston Valley, Montana Earthquake; inside the county.

Most recent, magnitude 3 or more

April 26, 2026

Magnitude 3.0

16 km ESE of Butte, Montana; 26.4 miles away.

Earthquakes of magnitude 3 or more within 50 miles, by year 1973: 0 1974: 1 1975: 7 1976: 4 1977: 6 1978: 1 1979: 1 1980: 4 1981: 0 1982: 1 1983: 2 1984: 4 1985: 2 1986: 8 1987: 22 1988: 0 1989: 6 1990: 4 1991: 2 1992: 0 1993: 5 1994: 0 1995: 6 1996: 0 1997: 3 1998: 1 1999: 3 2000: 9 2001: 1 2002: 4 2003: 2 2004: 6 2005: 2 2006: 5 2007: 3 2008: 4 2009: 6 2010: 0 2011: 2 2012: 1 2013: 2 2014: 5 2015: 3 2016: 6 2017: 49 49 2018: 9 2019: 18 2020: 3 2021: 5 2022: 2 2023: 3 2024: 3 2025: 1 19731978198319881993199820032008201320182023
Per year, 1973 to 2025.

Every earthquake of magnitude 4 or more within 50 miles

Earthquakes of magnitude 4 or more within 50 miles
Aug 15, 20194.26.61.54 km NW of Manhattan, Montana
Aug 5, 20194.17.43.13 km NW of Manhattan, Montana
Jul 13, 20194.07.83.911 km NNE of Manhattan, Montana
Jul 17, 20174.042.17.812 km ESE of Lincoln, Montana
Jul 6, 20174.441.06.014 km SE of Lincoln, Montana
Jul 6, 20174.042.45.714 km SSE of Lincoln, Montana
Jul 6, 20175.044.89.215 km S of Lincoln, Montana
Jul 6, 20175.843.17.611 km SE of Lincoln, Montana
Sep 3, 20164.023.75.016 km S of Whitehall, Montana
Jan 30, 20164.339.61.019 km E of Lincoln, Montana
Mar 6, 20094.024.37.318 km S of Whitehall, Montana
May 8, 20074.437.98.48 km NNW of Alder, Montana
Jun 17, 20064.119.87.16 km S of Pony, Montana
Nov 10, 20004.0Inside1.314 km NE of Townsend, Montana
Apr 8, 20004.1Inside2.98 km ENE of Townsend, Montana
Oct 27, 19984.324.53.118 km S of Whitehall, Montana
Nov 6, 19974.020.33.04 km WSW of Springhill, Montana
Aug 7, 19894.09.30.25 km NE of Manhattan, Montana
Jul 21, 19874.019.52.418 km SSE of Harrison, Montana
Dec 31, 19834.0Inside3.18 km SSW of Toston, Montana
Mar 10, 19804.017.83.115 km SSE of Harrison, Montana
Aug 26, 19774.53.76.215 km NW of Three Forks, Montana
Mar 10, 19774.6Inside3.16 km SSW of Toston, Montana
Feb 7, 19754.04.83.19 km SSE of Ponderosa Pines, Montana
Jul 16, 19744.49.36.23 km SW of Manhattan, Montana
Nov 1, 19724.2Inside3.15 km WSW of Toston, Montana
Mar 7, 19664.8Inside8.12 km SE of Townsend, Montana
Feb 15, 19634.57.120.5Western Montana
Nov 28, 19355.010.3—2 km ENE of Helena, Montana
Oct 31, 19355.93.56.2The 1935 Helena, Montana Earthquakes (Largest Aftershock)
Oct 18, 19356.11.79.3The 1935 Helena, Montana Earthquakes (Mainshock)
Oct 12, 19355.910.33.12 km ENE of Helena, Montana
Feb 15, 19294.72.8—Northeast of Three Forks, Montana
Feb 29, 19284.911.2—4 km NNW of Clancy, Montana
Dec 12, 19265.47.3—Clarkston Valley, Montana (Aftershock)
Jul 10, 19255.5Inside—Clarkston Valley, Montana (Aftershock)
Jun 27, 19255.5Inside—Clarkston Valley, Montana (Aftershock)
Jun 27, 19255.5Inside—Clarkston Valley, Montana (Aftershock)
Jun 27, 19256.4Inside—Clarkston Valley, Montana (Aftershock)
Jun 27, 19256.6Inside—The 1925 Clarkston Valley, Montana Earthquake
Apr 19, 19105.434.5—Near Butte, Montana
  1. Earthquakes of magnitude 2.5 or more in the USGS Comprehensive Catalog since 1900. Within 50 miles means the epicentre lies within 50 miles of the county boundary (or inside the county).
  2. Small earthquakes were under-recorded before the modern seismic networks of the 1970s and are still missed in remote areas, so early decades read low. Magnitudes are as the catalogue reports them and mix scales (moment, local and body-wave).

USGS ANSS Comprehensive Earthquake Catalog, 1900 to present, retrieved October 30, 2026.

Volcanoes within 100 miles

Volcanoes within 100 miles
Yellowstone98.7High9,203
  1. U.S. volcanoes within 100 miles, from the USGS Volcano Hazards Program. The threat category is the USGS 2018 National Volcanic Threat Assessment, which ranks volcanoes by how hazardous their past eruptions were and how many people and how much infrastructure lie near them. It is not a forecast of eruption.

USGS Volcano Hazards Program, retrieved October 30, 2026.

Severe weather and other events

305 events in the National Weather Service record, 300 of them since 1996.

20

Hail reports, 1 inch or larger

1

Hail, 2 inches or larger

47

Damaging gusts, 58 mph+

91

Winter weather events since 1996

0

Heat events since 1996

17

Cold events since 1996

Largest hail

August 10, 2019

2.00 inches

Strongest measured or estimated gust

August 2, 2013

85 mph

More event types since 1996

Other Storm Events types since 1996
Lightning110May 18, 2007
Avalanches100Jul 18, 2022

Costliest events since 1996

  1. Jun 10, 2023Flash Flood$100,000
    National Weather Service narrative

    Portions of N Creek Road as well as Highway 12 were closed due to debris flows and flash flooding in the Deep Creek Burn Scar area. The Deep Creek Picnic area was closed for over two months as a result of the flooding.

  1. Storm Events records before 1996 cover only tornadoes, thunderstorm wind and hail. Damage figures are as reported by the National Weather Service at the time, not adjusted for inflation.

NOAA NCEI Storm Events Database, 1950 to 2026, issued October 26, 2026.

Weather records

From Townsend 3SE, 4.5 miles from the county’s population centre, with records from 1948.

All-time high
105°FAug 6, 1961
All-time low
−39°F2 times, most recently Jan 27, 1957
Warmest night
69°F3 times, most recently Aug 8, 2001
Coldest day
−19°FJan 13, 2024
Wettest day
2.10 inJun 19, 1979
Snowiest day
14.0 inDec 26, 1971
Hottest year
2015mean 47.2°F
Coldest year
1985mean 40.5°F
Wettest year
198016.63 in
Driest year
19606.61 in
Snowiest season
42.7 in1948-49
Average monthly high and low temperature and precipitation, last 30 years, Townsend 3SE 32°F 34° 14° 0.2 Jan 38° 16° 0.3 Feb 50° 24° 0.4 Mar 58° 30° 0.9 Apr 67° 39° 1.8 May 75° 47° 2.3 Jun 85° 52° 1.0 Jul 83° 50° 1.2 Aug 73° 42° 1.0 Sep 59° 32° 0.7 Oct 44° 22° 0.4 Nov 35° 15° 0.3 Dec Precipitation, inches
Average daily high and low by month, and average monthly precipitation, over the last 30 years.
Nights at or below freezing per year 1973: 180 1974: 174 1975: 175 1977: 190 1978: 178 1980: 182 1981: 168 1982: 188 1983: 179 1984: 195 195 1985: 193 1986: 185 1987: 181 1988: 171 1989: 171 1990: 166 1991: 176 1992: 179 1993: 186 1994: 171 1995: 157 1996: 186 1997: 175 1998: 169 1999: 171 2000: 182 2001: 171 2002: 184 2003: 164 2004: 170 2005: 169 2006: 161 2007: 158 2008: 184 2010: 167 2011: 176 2012: 167 2013: 182 2014: 159 2015: 157 2016: 156 2017: 165 2018: 181 2019: 159 2021: 170 2022: 181 19731985199520052016
Nights at or below freezing each complete year, last 50 years. Thirty-year average: 170.6.
Snowfall by winter 1976: 21.1 in 1982: 10.0 in 1983: 9.4 in 1984: 25.4 in 1985: 26.1 in 1986: 14.2 in 1987: 14.5 in 1989: 17.7 in 1990: 15.8 in 1991: 25.2 in 1992: 21.5 in 1993: 18.0 in 1994: 21.2 in 1995: 28.4 in 1996: 40.9 in 40.9 1997: 14.1 in 1998: 21.9 in 1999: 13.5 in 2000: 20.2 in 2001: 28.7 in 2002: 29.0 in 2003: 16.2 in 2004: 20.4 in 2005: 20.0 in 2006: 18.4 in 2007: 30.9 in 2008: 33.7 in 2020: 32.0 in 2021: 12.0 in 2022: 35.5 in 2025: 8.5 in 1976199220022025
Total snowfall each winter (July to June), last 50 winters.

Median first snow

November 8

Earliest: September 11, 1949

Median last snow

April 7

Latest: May 31, 2008

0 of 48 winters had no measurable snow.

Station Townsend 3SE (USC00248324), 3,964 ft elevation, 4.5 miles from the population centre. Daily records from 1948 to October 26, 2026; 96.2% of days in the last 30 years are complete. Records at a single station can differ from a city’s official threaded record, which may combine several stations.

NOAA NCEI Global Historical Climatology Network Daily.

Federal disaster declarations

12 since 1953. The most recent: Severe Winter Storm and Straight-Line Winds, April 7, 2026.

Federal disaster declarations
Apr 7, 2026Straight-Line WindsSevere Winter Storm and Straight-Line WindsMajor disasterDR-4902-MT
Jul 12, 2024FireHorse Gulch FireFire managementFM-5507-MT
Mar 31, 2020BiologicalCovid-19 PandemicMajor disasterDR-4508-MT
Mar 13, 2020BiologicalCovid-19EmergencyEM-3476-MT
Apr 17, 2014FloodIce Jams and FloodingMajor disasterDR-4172-MT
Jun 17, 2011Severe StormSevere Storms and FloodingMajor disasterDR-1996-MT
Sep 13, 2005HurricaneHurricane Katrina EvacuationEmergencyEM-3253-MT
Aug 30, 2000FireWildfiresMajor disasterDR-1340-MT
Jul 24, 2000FireMt - Central Zone 3b Fire ComplexFire managementFM-2314-MT
Jul 25, 1997Severe StormSevere Storms,Ice Jams, Snow Melt, FloodingMajor disasterDR-1183-MT
May 27, 1981FloodSevere Storms & FloodingMajor disasterDR-640-MT
Jun 28, 1975FloodRains, Showmelt, Storms & FloodingMajor disasterDR-472-MT

This product uses the Federal Emergency Management Agency's OpenFEMA API, but is not endorsed by FEMA. The Federal Government or FEMA cannot vouch for the data or analyses derived from these data after the data have been retrieved from the Agency's website(s).

OpenFEMA Disaster Declarations Summaries, retrieved October 30, 2026. Statewide declarations are not listed.

How this compares

Where Broadwater County stands among 56 counties in Montana and 3,143 in the United States.

Ranks
Tornadoes since 1950147 / 562,945 / 3,143
Tornadoes rated F3/EF3 or stronger0——
Tropical cyclones within 50 mi0——
Hurricane-strength passes within 50 mi0——
Wildfire acres since 1984124,88525 / 56286 / 3,143
Flood insurance claims243 / 562,727 / 3,143
Flood insurance paid$6,50042 / 562,748 / 3,143
Disaster declarations1219 / 562,631 / 3,143
Flood events since 1996555 / 563,040 / 3,143
Hail and wind events since 199617646 / 562,157 / 3,143
Winter storm events since 19969137 / 561,078 / 3,143
Reported damage since 1996$100,00050 / 563,097 / 3,143
River crests at major flood stage67 / 56771 / 3,143
High tide flooding days a year, last 10 years0.0——
Months in severe drought since 18952922 / 5633 / 3,143
Medium or heavy smoke days a year, last 10 years28.042 / 56350 / 3,143
Earthquakes M4+ within 50 mi since 19004110 / 56197 / 3,143
Earthquakes M2.5+ in the county since 1973538 / 56180 / 3,143

Neighbouring counties

Neighbouring counties
Gallatin County40133,91776
Jefferson County1075,7595
Lewis and Clark County60497,780102
Meagher County3061,8456

Sources and vintage

Every number on this page comes from these public records.

  • Tornadoes NOAA Storm Prediction Center severe weather database, through 2025.
  • Tropical cyclones NOAA National Hurricane Center HURDAT2 (Atlantic; Northeast and Central Pacific), through 2025.
  • Wildfire USGS/USFS Monitoring Trends in Burn Severity, through 2026.
  • Storm events NOAA NCEI Storm Events Database, through 2026.
  • Flood insurance OpenFEMA NFIP Redacted Claims v3, refreshed August 4, 2026.
  • Declarations OpenFEMA Disaster Declarations Summaries v2, retrieved October 30, 2026.
  • Weather records NOAA NCEI Global Historical Climatology Network Daily, station USC00248324.
  • River crests NOAA National Weather Service, National Water Prediction Service river gauges, retrieved October 30, 2026.
  • Drought NOAA NCEI nClimDiv county Palmer Drought Severity Index, through September 2026.
  • Smoke NOAA NESDIS Hazard Mapping System smoke analysis, retrieved October 30, 2026.
  • Volcanoes USGS Volcano Hazards Program, U.S. volcanoes and 2018 threat assessment.
  • Earthquakes USGS ANSS Comprehensive Earthquake Catalog (ComCat), retrieved October 30, 2026.

Joins, thresholds and known limits are set out in the methodology. Found an error? Report it. Page built October 30, 2026.