Butler County

Population 8,507 (2025) 585 sq mi

Butler County has recorded 38 tornadoes since 1950, 35th most of 93 counties in Nebraska; the most recent was on May 21, 2024.

Hazard fingerprint for Butler County Tornado: 80th percentile. Tropical: 0th percentile. Wildfire: 0th percentile. Flood: 41th percentile. Hail & wind: 53th percentile. Heat: 75th percentile. Cold: 88th percentile. Winter: 57th percentile. TORTROPFIREFLOODSEVEREHEATCOLDWINTER

Hazard fingerprint Each spoke is this county’s percentile among U.S. counties where that hazard occurs. How it is computed

2026
  • Tornado damage paths since 195038

At a glance

The record for Butler County in eight numbers. Each links to its section below.

Tornadoes since 1950

38

35th of 93 in Nebraska

About as many as the typical Nebraska county

Details

Flood insurance claims

11

38th of 93 in Nebraska

$289,000 paid since 1982

Details

Strongest tornado

F4

March 13, 1990, 131.0 mile path

Federal disaster declarations

19

Most recent: Severe Winter Storm and Straight-Line Winds, 2025

Details

Record high

115°F

July 25, 1936

Details

Record low

−29°F

Reached 4 times, most recently January 13, 1912

Details

Snowiest season

71.6in

Winter of 1914-15

Costliest event since 1996

$4.0M

Hail, September 24, 2007

Details

Tornadoes

About one every 2 years since 1950, 3 of them rated F3/EF3 or stronger.

Strongest

March 13, 1990

F4, 131.0 mile path

440 yards wide.

Most recent

Tuesday, May 21, 2024

EF0, 2.6 mile path

2 years ago.

Tornadoes by decade Doppler radar era² 1950s: 7 7 1960s: 2 2 1970s: 9 9 1980s: 3 3 1990s: 5 5 2000s: 6 6 2010s: 2 2 2020s: 4 4 1950s1960s1970s1980s1990s2000s2010s2020s
Recorded tornadoes per decade. The 2020s are incomplete.
Tornadoes by month J: 0 F: 0 M: 2 A: 5 M: 10 J: 14 14 J: 2 A: 2 S: 2 O: 1 N: 0 D: 0 JFMAMJJASOND
By month of occurrence, all years.

Every recorded tornado

Tornadoes in Butler County since 1950
May 21, 2024EF02.65000
May 21, 2024EF00.65000
Apr 26, 2024EFU0.73000
Apr 26, 2024EF18.120000
Sep 23, 2015EF01.55000
May 29, 2013EF00.62500
Jun 4, 2008EF15.522000
Jun 4, 2008EF13.844000
Jun 4, 2008EF15.644000
Sep 15, 2006F21.010000
Mar 30, 2006F00.544000
Oct 29, 2000F03.05000
Jun 20, 1996F00.12000
Jun 20, 1996F10.33000
May 15, 1992F00.25000
May 15, 1992F00.25000
Mar 13, 1990F4131.044080
Jul 8, 1988F00.24000
Apr 19, 1985F11.030000
May 29, 1980F119.68020
Apr 7, 1978F12.02000
Apr 7, 1978F48.05000
May 23, 1972F00.11000
May 23, 1972F00.11000
Jun 13, 1971F00.11000
Jun 6, 1971F00.11000
Jun 4, 1971F147.41000
Jun 15, 1970F242.960000
Jun 10, 1970F20.11000
May 15, 1965F00.31000
May 25, 1964F00.11000
Aug 9, 1959F11.51000
Jul 8, 1958F00.61000
Jun 21, 1957F11.010000
Jun 13, 1957F10.31000
Jun 7, 1953F26.91020
Jun 7, 1953F122.71020
Aug 13, 1952F344.41,30010
  1. Injuries and deaths are for the tornado’s whole path, which may extend beyond the county. Deaths recorded within Butler County: 0.
  2. Weak tornadoes were under-recorded before Doppler radar coverage became national in the early 1990s, so earlier decades read low. Ratings use the Fujita scale before February 2007 and the Enhanced Fujita scale after.

Storm Prediction Center severe weather database, 1950 to 2025.

Hurricanes and tropical storms

No tropical storm or hurricane has tracked within 100 miles since records began in 1851.

Wildfire and smoke

No large wildfire has been mapped here since satellite mapping began in 1984.

Smoke overhead

Smokiest year

2023: 56 days

Heavy smoke on 24 days in 2021, the most of any year.

Last 10 years

26.9 days a year

Medium or heavy smoke, 2016 to 2025.

2025

16 days

Medium or heavy smoke. 38 so far in 2026.

Days with medium or heavy smoke overhead, by year 2011: 12 2012: 21 2013: 17 2014: 9 2015: 17 2016: 5 2017: 15 2018: 18 2019: 9 2020: 32 2021: 54 2022: 23 2023: 56 56 2024: 41 2025: 16 201120122013201420152016201720182019202020212022202320242025
Days each year on which a satellite-traced plume of medium or heavy smoke covered the county’s population centre, 2011 to 2025.
  1. A smoke day is a date on which a smoke plume traced by NOAA Hazard Mapping System analysts from satellite imagery covered this place's point (the county's population centre or the city centre). Counts here are of medium or heavy smoke. Since 2018 analysts have often drawn light smoke as one area over most of the continent, so light-smoke counts are not comparable from year to year. The plumes show smoke anywhere in the air above, not air quality at the ground, and smoke hidden by cloud is missed.

NOAA Hazard Mapping System smoke analysis, 2011 to 2026, retrieved October 30, 2026.

Floods and flood insurance

11 federal flood insurance claims since 1982, with $289,000 paid.

Federal flood insurance claims by year
Claims per year since 1982. Years with fewer than five claims are not shown.

Claims by ZIP code

Flood insurance claims by ZIP code
680365$19,000

Flood events since 1996

  • Flood17
  • Flash Flood14
  • Heavy Rain5

This product uses the Federal Emergency Management Agency's OpenFEMA API, but is not endorsed by FEMA. The Federal Government or FEMA cannot vouch for the data or analyses derived from these data after the data have been retrieved from the Agency's website(s).

OpenFEMA NFIP Redacted Claims v3, refreshed August 4, 2026. NOAA Storm Events through 2026.

River crests

Most severe crest

July 19, 1965

Big Blue River at Surprise, 11.52 ft

4.52 feet above the 7.0 ft flood stage; moderate flooding by today’s categories.

Most recent moderate or major crest

June 6, 2008

Big Blue River at Surprise, 11.25 ft

Moderate flooding.

Highest river crests above flood stage
Jul 19, 1965Big Blue River at Surprise11.52+4.52Moderate
Jun 6, 2008Big Blue River at Surprise11.25+4.25Moderate
Jun 30, 1986Big Blue River at Surprise10.64+3.64Moderate
Jul 12, 1972Big Blue River at Surprise10.17+3.17Moderate
Jun 15, 1967Big Blue River at Surprise10.17+3.17Moderate
Mar 14, 2019Big Blue River at Surprise9.86+2.86Minor
Jun 4, 1991Big Blue River at Surprise9.58+2.58Minor
Mar 10, 1993Big Blue River at Surprise9.57+2.57Minor
Aug 9, 2007Big Blue River at Surprise9.45+2.45Minor
Sep 4, 1977Big Blue River at Surprise9.25+2.25Minor
Mar 13, 1971Big Blue River at Surprise9.14+2.14Minor
Jun 10, 1967Big Blue River at Surprise9.09+2.09Minor
Mar 20, 1969Big Blue River at Surprise9.08+2.08Minor
May 14, 2016Big Blue River at Surprise9.01+2.01Minor
Jul 20, 1985Big Blue River at Surprise8.91+1.91Minor
Jul 29, 1990Big Blue River at Surprise8.60+1.60Minor
Sep 9, 1989Big Blue River at Surprise8.21+1.21Minor
Aug 18, 2017Big Blue River at Surprise8.18+1.18Minor
May 12, 2011Big Blue River at Surprise8.14+1.14Minor
May 28, 1973Big Blue River at Surprise8.12+1.12Minor
Jun 26, 2018Big Blue River at Surprise8.03+1.03Minor
Jun 4, 1980Big Blue River at Surprise8.02+1.02Minor
Aug 31, 1977Big Blue River at Surprise7.97+0.97Minor
Jun 21, 2010Big Blue River at Surprise7.94+0.94Minor
Mar 15, 1978Big Blue River at Surprise7.90+0.90Minor

River gauges

River gauges and their highest listed crests
Big Blue River at Surprise7.011.52 ftJul 19, 19650
  1. Crests are the highest and the recent crests the National Weather Service lists for each river gauge in the county that has a flood stage, not every flood. Flood categories use each gauge's current flood stages; crests from before levees, dams or channel changes may not be comparable. Crests measured on an old datum are left out of the rankings.

NOAA National Water Prediction Service gauge records, retrieved October 30, 2026.

Drought

In severe drought or worse for 162 of 1,581 months since 1895 (10%); the longest spell lasted 32 months.

162

Months in severe drought or worse since 1895

99

Months in extreme drought

10%

Share of all months, severe or worse

19

Drought reports to the Weather Service since 1996

Lowest reading

October 1956

−7.11, extreme drought

Longest severe spell

32 months

August 1938 to March 1941.

Latest month

September 2026

+1.52, slightly wet

Last severe month: March 2024.

Months in severe drought or worse, by year 1895: 0 1896: 0 1897: 0 1898: 0 1899: 0 1900: 0 1901: 0 1902: 0 1903: 0 1904: 0 1905: 0 1906: 0 1907: 0 1908: 0 1909: 0 1910: 0 1911: 0 1912: 0 1913: 0 1914: 0 1915: 0 1916: 0 1917: 0 1918: 3 1919: 0 1920: 0 1921: 0 1922: 0 1923: 0 1924: 0 1925: 0 1926: 0 1927: 0 1928: 0 1929: 0 1930: 0 1931: 0 1932: 0 1933: 0 1934: 8 1935: 5 1936: 8 1937: 12 12 1938: 11 1939: 12 1940: 12 1941: 6 1942: 0 1943: 0 1944: 0 1945: 0 1946: 0 1947: 0 1948: 0 1949: 0 1950: 0 1951: 0 1952: 0 1953: 0 1954: 0 1955: 8 1956: 12 1957: 5 1958: 0 1959: 0 1960: 0 1961: 0 1962: 0 1963: 0 1964: 0 1965: 0 1966: 0 1967: 2 1968: 0 1969: 0 1970: 0 1971: 0 1972: 0 1973: 0 1974: 0 1975: 0 1976: 4 1977: 4 1978: 0 1979: 0 1980: 0 1981: 6 1982: 0 1983: 0 1984: 0 1985: 0 1986: 0 1987: 0 1988: 3 1989: 5 1990: 1 1991: 0 1992: 0 1993: 0 1994: 0 1995: 0 1996: 0 1997: 0 1998: 0 1999: 0 2000: 4 2001: 0 2002: 3 2003: 1 2004: 0 2005: 0 2006: 1 2007: 0 2008: 0 2009: 0 2010: 0 2011: 0 2012: 6 2013: 2 2014: 0 2015: 0 2016: 0 2017: 0 2018: 0 2019: 0 2020: 0 2021: 0 2022: 3 2023: 12 2024: 3 2025: 0 18951905191519251935194519551965197519851995200520152025
Months each year with a Palmer index of −3 or lower, 1895 to 2025. Twelve means the whole year.
  1. The Palmer Drought Severity Index is computed by NOAA each month from the county's average temperature and precipitation, relative to the county's own climate. Zero is normal; -3 or lower is severe drought and -4 or lower extreme drought. It describes the long-term balance of moisture, not water supply or crop losses.

NOAA NCEI nClimDiv county Palmer Drought Severity Index, 1895 to September 2026, issued October 6, 2026.

Earthquakes and landslides

1 earthquake of magnitude 4 or more within 50 miles since 1900; the largest was magnitude 4.4 in 1902.

1

Magnitude 2.5+ inside the county since 1973

2

Magnitude 3+ within 50 miles since 1973

1

Magnitude 4+ within 50 miles since 1900

0

Magnitude 5+ within 50 miles since 1900

Largest within 50 miles

July 28, 1902

Magnitude 4.4

Near Battle Creek, Nebraska; 43.3 miles away.

Most recent, magnitude 3 or more

November 18, 2010

Magnitude 3.3

4 km E of Octavia, Nebraska; inside the county.

Every earthquake of magnitude 4 or more within 50 miles

Earthquakes of magnitude 4 or more within 50 miles
Jul 28, 19024.443.3—Near Battle Creek, Nebraska
  1. Earthquakes of magnitude 2.5 or more in the USGS Comprehensive Catalog since 1900. Within 50 miles means the epicentre lies within 50 miles of the county boundary (or inside the county).
  2. Small earthquakes were under-recorded before the modern seismic networks of the 1970s and are still missed in remote areas, so early decades read low. Magnitudes are as the catalogue reports them and mix scales (moment, local and body-wave).

USGS ANSS Comprehensive Earthquake Catalog, 1900 to present, retrieved October 30, 2026.

Mapped landslides

5

Landslides mapped, probable or better

0

With a recorded date

1

Source inventory

Mapped by NE Univ of NE Lincoln (5).

  1. Landslides mapped in the USGS compilation of landslide inventories across the United States (version 3.0, 2025), rated probable or better. The compilation joins inventories made by federal and state agencies for different purposes and areas, so the number mapped in a county reflects how closely it has been surveyed as much as how often its slopes fail. An area with few records may simply not have been mapped. Deaths are as recorded in the inventories; a slide listed in two inventories is counted once.

USGS Landslide Inventories across the United States, version 3.0, retrieved October 27, 2026.

Severe weather and other events

565 events in the National Weather Service record, 477 of them since 1996.

130

Hail reports, 1 inch or larger

23

Hail, 2 inches or larger

98

Damaging gusts, 58 mph+

76

Winter weather events since 1996

22

Heat events since 1996

41

Cold events since 1996

Largest hail

May 1, 2018

4.00 inches

Strongest measured or estimated gust

September 15, 2006

98 mph

More event types since 1996

Other Storm Events types since 1996
Lightning100Aug 18, 2003
Dense fog and smoke110Jul 29, 2011

Costliest events since 1996

  1. Sep 24, 2007Hail$4.0 million
    National Weather Service narrative

    Hail up to 2 inches in diameter damaged at least several hundred vehicles in town and also caused roof damage to a few hundred homes. The main damage path was from the southwest into the northeast part of town with the damage estimated at $4 million.

  2. Oct 25, 1997Heavy Snow, Butler$1.0 million
    National Weather Service narrative

    A major early season snowstorm struck the area. A heavy wet snowfall of 6 to 14 inches fell on trees, many of which were still fully or partially leafed, and caused extensive damage and/or total destruction. At least 205,000 residents in the affected area were without power just after the storm, many of the outages lasted for several days. Omaha Public Power District estimated that it was the worst outage in 50 years. Nearly 85% of the trees in the Omaha area and 25% of the trees in the Lincoln area sustained damage or were totally destroyed. Many emergency shelters in and around the Omaha and Lincoln areas were opened for use by those who suffered a hardship from the storm.

  3. Jun 20, 1996Tornado$150,000
    National Weather Service narrative

    A tornado touched down and took the roof off the Abie Auditorium. At least 10 farm structures were damaged and 5 center pivot irrigation systems were damaged.

  4. Jun 20, 1997Thunderstorm Wind$100,000
    National Weather Service narrative

    At David City, strong winds collapsed a large airport hanger and toppled at least five center pivots irrigation systems. Trees fell on two homes in the Surprise area causing damage. Severe tree damage occurred at Garrison and Rising City. Many power lines were downed.

  5. Aug 16, 2017Flood$100,000
    National Weather Service narrative

    At least 50 roads were closed across Butler County due to widespread flooding with amounts of 4 to 6 inches reported. David City reported 6.01 inches of rain.

  6. Aug 16, 2017Flash Flood$100,000
    National Weather Service narrative

    Highway 15 was closed due to flooding and debris in the road. In addition numerous county roads were closed across Butler County.

  7. May 21, 2024Flash Flood$25,000
    National Weather Service narrative

    The Butler County Emergency Manager reported flooding in Bruno, and in rural areas just to the south and eat of the town. Many roads were under water, particularly in the Skull Creek area.

  8. Oct 29, 2000Tornado$13,000
    National Weather Service narrative

    A tornado touched down around 1 mile east of Rising City. Moving north, it damaged a corn crib and an old garage around 6 miles south of Bellwood and then overturned 2 center pivots and downed a few trees and power lines before lifting around 5 miles south of Bellwood.

  9. Jun 20, 1996Tornado$10,000
    National Weather Service narrative

    A brief tornado touchdown did some roof damage in rural Loma.

  10. Jun 25, 2000Thunderstorm Wind$10,000
    National Weather Service narrative

    Thunderstorm winds estimated at over 70 mph did considerable tree damage in David City including downing several trees. Building material near the fairgrounds was also tossed around damaging several cars in the area.

  1. Storm Events records before 1996 cover only tornadoes, thunderstorm wind and hail. Damage figures are as reported by the National Weather Service at the time, not adjusted for inflation.

NOAA NCEI Storm Events Database, 1950 to 2026, issued October 26, 2026.

Weather records

From Columbus 3 Ne, 17.8 miles from the county’s population centre, with records from 1893.

All-time high
115°FJul 25, 1936
All-time low
−29°F4 times, most recently Jan 13, 1912
Warmest night
81°F4 times, most recently Aug 2, 1964
Coldest day
−11°F2 times, most recently Dec 24, 1983
Wettest day
5.97 inAug 5, 1981
Snowiest day
15.0 inNov 27, 1983
Hottest year
1931mean 56.0°F
Coldest year
1996mean 47.4°F
Wettest year
199340.53 in
Driest year
193613.89 in
Snowiest season
71.6 in1914-15
Average monthly high and low temperature and precipitation, last 30 years, Columbus 3 Ne 32°F 33° 14° 0.6 Jan 37° 17° 0.6 Feb 50° 28° 1.5 Mar 62° 39° 2.8 Apr 73° 51° 4.4 May 84° 62° 4.6 Jun 87° 66° 3.2 Jul 84° 64° 3.4 Aug 78° 55° 2.5 Sep 64° 42° 2.2 Oct 49° 28° 1.1 Nov 36° 18° 0.9 Dec Precipitation, inches
Average daily high and low by month, and average monthly precipitation, over the last 30 years.
Days reaching 95°F per year 1976: 18 1977: 15 1978: 20 1979: 11 1980: 28 1981: 10 1982: 8 1983: 33 1984: 21 1985: 12 1986: 14 1987: 24 1988: 30 1989: 18 1990: 25 1991: 23 1992: 0 1993: 5 1994: 8 1995: 24 1996: 2 1997: 6 1998: 9 1999: 8 2000: 13 2001: 20 2002: 20 2003: 14 2004: 1 2005: 11 2006: 13 2007: 5 2008: 2 2009: 1 2010: 6 2011: 12 2012: 35 35 2013: 10 2014: 0 2015: 3 2016: 11 2017: 12 2018: 9 2019: 5 2020: 6 2021: 7 2022: 13 2023: 12 2024: 8 2025: 5 19761986199620062016
Days reaching 95°F each complete year, last 50 years. Thirty-year average: 9.3.
Snowfall by winter 1976: 17.5 in 1977: 32.3 in 1978: 35.0 in 1979: 25.7 in 1980: 13.0 in 1982: 32.5 in 1983: 65.0 in 65.0 1984: 20.0 in 1985: 13.6 in 1986: 14.5 in 1987: 21.5 in 1989: 12.8 in 1990: 34.0 in 1991: 29.3 in 1992: 39.0 in 1993: 20.5 in 1994: 19.6 in 1995: 20.7 in 1996: 20.1 in 1997: 20.7 in 1998: 27.6 in 1999: 8.5 in 2000: 34.2 in 2001: 19.5 in 2002: 30.8 in 2003: 22.3 in 2004: 20.1 in 2005: 35.8 in 2006: 21.1 in 2007: 29.3 in 2008: 34.7 in 2009: 56.4 in 2010: 41.1 in 2011: 19.3 in 2012: 20.1 in 2013: 13.5 in 2014: 19.9 in 2015: 30.6 in 2016: 11.2 in 2017: 23.5 in 2018: 24.8 in 2019: 18.1 in 2020: 32.9 in 2021: 2.0 in 2022: 17.8 in 2023: 19.0 in 2024: 16.3 in 2025: 9.9 in 19761987199820082018
Total snowfall each winter (July to June), last 50 winters.

Median first snow

November 18

Earliest: October 10, 1987

Median last snow

March 25

Latest: May 28, 1947

0 of 78 winters had no measurable snow.

Station Columbus 3 Ne (USC00251825), 1,450 ft elevation, 17.8 miles from the population centre. Daily records from 1893 to October 26, 2026; 99.6% of days in the last 30 years are complete. Records at a single station can differ from a city’s official threaded record, which may combine several stations.

NOAA NCEI Global Historical Climatology Network Daily.

Federal disaster declarations

19 since 1953. The most recent: Severe Winter Storm and Straight-Line Winds, May 21, 2025.

Federal disaster declarations
May 21, 2025Winter StormSevere Winter Storm and Straight-Line WindsMajor disasterDR-4868-NE
Aug 20, 2024Severe StormSevere Storms, Straight-Line Winds, Tornadoes, and FloodingMajor disasterDR-4808-NE
Apr 4, 2020BiologicalCovid-19 PandemicMajor disasterDR-4521-NE
Mar 13, 2020BiologicalCovid-19EmergencyEM-3483-NE
Mar 21, 2019FloodSevere Winter Storm, Straight-Line Winds, and FloodingMajor disasterDR-4420-NE
Aug 1, 2017Severe StormSevere Storms, Tornadoes, and Straight-Line WindsMajor disasterDR-4325-NE
Jul 28, 2014Severe StormSevere Storms, Tornadoes, Straight-Line Winds, and FloodingMajor disasterDR-4185-NE
Apr 21, 2010FloodSevere Storms, Ice Jams, and FloodingMajor disasterDR-1902-NE
Feb 25, 2010Severe StormSevere Winter Storms and SnowstormMajor disasterDR-1878-NE
Jun 20, 2008Severe StormSevere Storms, Tornadoes, and FloodingMajor disasterDR-1770-NE
Jan 7, 2007Severe StormSevere Winter StormsMajor disasterDR-1674-NE
Sep 13, 2005HurricaneHurricane Katrina EvacueesEmergencyEM-3245-NE
May 25, 2004Severe StormSevere Storms, Tornadoes and FloodingMajor disasterDR-1517-NE
Jul 21, 2003Severe StormSevere Storms and TornadoesMajor disasterDR-1480-NE
Nov 1, 1997Severe StormSevere Snow Storms, Rain, and Strong WindsMajor disasterDR-1190-NE
Jul 19, 1993FloodSevere Storms and FloodingMajor disasterDR-998-NE
Apr 2, 1993FloodIce Jams & FloodingMajor disasterDR-983-NE
Apr 8, 1976Severe Ice StormIce Storms & High WindsMajor disasterDR-500-NE
Jul 18, 1967FloodSevere Storms & FloodingMajor disasterDR-228-NE

This product uses the Federal Emergency Management Agency's OpenFEMA API, but is not endorsed by FEMA. The Federal Government or FEMA cannot vouch for the data or analyses derived from these data after the data have been retrieved from the Agency's website(s).

OpenFEMA Disaster Declarations Summaries, retrieved October 30, 2026. Statewide declarations are not listed.

How this compares

Where Butler County stands among 93 counties in Nebraska and 3,143 in the United States.

Ranks
Tornadoes since 19503835 / 93701 / 3,143
Tornadoes rated F3/EF3 or stronger328 / 93571 / 3,143
Tropical cyclones within 50 mi0——
Hurricane-strength passes within 50 mi0——
Wildfire acres since 19840——
Flood insurance claims1138 / 932,296 / 3,143
Flood insurance paid$289,00027 / 931,988 / 3,143
Disaster declarations1931 / 931,704 / 3,143
Flood events since 19963633 / 931,870 / 3,143
Hail and wind events since 199626460 / 931,451 / 3,143
Winter storm events since 19967653 / 931,329 / 3,143
Reported damage since 1996$5.5 million68 / 932,323 / 3,143
River crests at major flood stage0——
High tide flooding days a year, last 10 years0.0——
Months in severe drought since 189516249 / 93699 / 3,143
Medium or heavy smoke days a year, last 10 years26.927 / 93433 / 3,143
Earthquakes M4+ within 50 mi since 1900120 / 931,397 / 3,143
Earthquakes M2.5+ in the county since 1973112 / 93826 / 3,143

Neighbouring counties

Neighbouring counties
Colfax County3500171
Dodge County3300809
Lancaster County5800313
Platte County370087
Polk County40006
Saunders County4700259
Seward County400028
York County49009

Sources and vintage

Every number on this page comes from these public records.

  • Tornadoes NOAA Storm Prediction Center severe weather database, through 2025.
  • Tropical cyclones NOAA National Hurricane Center HURDAT2 (Atlantic; Northeast and Central Pacific), through 2025.
  • Wildfire USGS/USFS Monitoring Trends in Burn Severity, through 2026.
  • Storm events NOAA NCEI Storm Events Database, through 2026.
  • Flood insurance OpenFEMA NFIP Redacted Claims v3, refreshed August 4, 2026.
  • Declarations OpenFEMA Disaster Declarations Summaries v2, retrieved October 30, 2026.
  • Weather records NOAA NCEI Global Historical Climatology Network Daily, station USC00251825.
  • River crests NOAA National Weather Service, National Water Prediction Service river gauges, retrieved October 30, 2026.
  • Drought NOAA NCEI nClimDiv county Palmer Drought Severity Index, through September 2026.
  • Smoke NOAA NESDIS Hazard Mapping System smoke analysis, retrieved October 30, 2026.
  • Landslides USGS Landslide Inventories across the United States, version 3.0 (2025).
  • Earthquakes USGS ANSS Comprehensive Earthquake Catalog (ComCat), retrieved October 30, 2026.

Joins, thresholds and known limits are set out in the methodology. Found an error? Report it. Page built October 30, 2026.