Kershaw County
Population 73,166 (2025) 727 sq mi
38 tropical storms and hurricanes have passed within 50 miles of Kershaw County since 1851, 3 of them at hurricane strength; the strongest was an unnamed storm in 1896 (Category 1).
Hazard fingerprint Each spoke is this county’s percentile among U.S. counties where that hazard occurs. How it is computed
- Tornado damage paths since 195024
- Tropical cyclone tracks within 100 miles since 1851, wider where stronger63
- Major flood years since 19782
At a glance
The record for Kershaw County in eight numbers. Each links to its section below.
Tropical cyclones within 50 mi
38
26th of 46 in South Carolina
3 at hurricane strength since 1851
DetailsTornadoes since 1950
24
26th of 46 in South Carolina
About as many as the typical South Carolina county
DetailsStrongest tornado
F4
March 28, 1984, 4.0 mile path
Strongest tropical cyclone
Cat. 1
Hurricane (unnamed), 1896, 21.9 miles away
Tornadoes
About one every 3.2 years since 1950, 2 of them rated F3/EF3 or stronger.
Strongest
March 28, 1984
F4, 4.0 mile path
530 yards wide.
Most recent
Saturday, January 11, 2020
EF2, 0.6 mile path
6 years ago.
Every recorded tornado
| Jan 11, 2020 | EF2 | 0.6 | 0 | 0 |
| Mar 15, 2008 | EF0 | 0.5 | 0 | 0 |
| Mar 15, 2008 | EF2 | 6.9 | 2 | 0 |
| Mar 15, 2008 | EF2 | 23.0 | 0 | 0 |
| Mar 15, 2008 | EF1 | 19.6 | 0 | 0 |
| Apr 26, 2006 | F0 | 1.0 | 0 | 0 |
| Apr 26, 2006 | F0 | 1.0 | 0 | 0 |
| Sep 7, 2004 | F3 | 7.0 | 1 | 0 |
| Sep 7, 2004 | F1 | 5.0 | 0 | 0 |
| Sep 7, 2004 | F0 | 3.0 | 0 | 0 |
| Jul 23, 1997 | F1 | 3.0 | 0 | 0 |
| Jul 23, 1997 | F2 | 6.0 | 1 | 0 |
| May 29, 1996 | F0 | 0.2 | 0 | 0 |
| Mar 16, 1996 | F0 | 0.2 | 0 | 0 |
| Aug 16, 1994 | F0 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 |
| Feb 16, 1990 | F0 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 |
| Mar 28, 1984 | F4 | 4.0 | 36 | 0 |
| Mar 6, 1983 | F1 | 1.1 | 0 | 0 |
| May 4, 1978 | F1 | 0.6 | 0 | 0 |
| Apr 18, 1969 | F2 | 0.8 | 0 | 0 |
| Apr 18, 1969 | F1 | 4.7 | 0 | 0 |
| Apr 7, 1967 | F1 | 2.0 | 0 | 0 |
| Aug 16, 1965 | F1 | 0.3 | 0 | 0 |
| Aug 29, 1964 | F1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 |
- Injuries and deaths are for the tornado’s whole path, which may extend beyond the county. Deaths recorded within Kershaw County: 0.
- Weak tornadoes were under-recorded before Doppler radar coverage became national in the early 1990s, so earlier decades read low. Ratings use the Fujita scale before February 2007 and the Enhanced Fujita scale after.
Storm Prediction Center severe weather database, 1950 to 2025.
Hurricanes and tropical storms
38 passed within 50 miles since 1851; 3 at hurricane strength.
Strongest within 50 miles
September 29, 1896
Unnamed storm, Category 1
21.9 miles at closest approach, winds near 90 mph.
Most recent
August 8, 2024
Debby, Subtropical storm
4.4 miles at closest approach.
Every storm within 100 miles
| Debby | 2024 | 4.4 | Subtropical storm |
| Idalia | 2023 | 79.4 | Tropical storm |
| Ian | 2022 | 52.7 | Post-tropical |
| Colin | 2022 | 81.2 | Tropical storm |
| Elsa | 2021 | 0.0 | Tropical storm |
| Nestor | 2019 | 6.6 | Post-tropical |
| Michael | 2018 | 17.5 | Tropical storm |
| Florence | 2018 | 32.4 | Tropical storm |
| Matthew | 2016 | 94.7 | Category 1 |
| Hermine | 2016 | 74.5 | Tropical storm |
| Andrea | 2013 | 40.9 | Tropical storm |
| Beryl | 2012 | 81.2 | Tropical storm |
| Hanna | 2008 | 98.2 | Tropical storm |
| Barry | 2007 | 93.2 | Post-tropical |
| Alberto | 2006 | 0.0 | Post-tropical |
| Charley | 2004 | 97.4 | Category 1 |
| Kyle | 2002 | 95.2 | Tropical storm |
| Earl | 1998 | 46.1 | Post-tropical |
| Josephine | 1996 | 71.2 | Post-tropical |
| Allison | 1995 | 48.0 | Post-tropical |
| Hugo | 1989 | 0.0 | Category 1 |
| Kate | 1985 | 65.6 | Tropical storm |
| Bob | 1985 | 0.0 | Tropical storm |
| David | 1979 | 0.0 | Tropical storm |
| Agnes | 1972 | 22.8 | Tropical storm |
| Alma | 1970 | 11.6 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1965 | 0.0 | Post-tropical |
| Dora | 1964 | 71.2 | Tropical storm |
| Gracie | 1959 | 12.4 | Tropical storm |
| Flossy | 1956 | 48.8 | Post-tropical |
| Hazel | 1954 | 99.6 | Category 3 |
| Able | 1952 | 1.4 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1952 | 27.4 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1949 | 70.0 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1947 | 40.3 | Post-tropical |
| Unnamed | 1945 | 20.7 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1944 | 17.9 | Post-tropical |
| Unnamed | 1941 | 80.9 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1935 | 2.1 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1929 | 1.6 | Post-tropical |
| Unnamed | 1928 | 73.8 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1927 | 0.0 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1924 | 52.0 | Post-tropical |
| Unnamed | 1924 | 80.4 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1916 | 2.1 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1916 | 71.2 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1915 | 29.2 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1913 | 11.8 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1912 | 2.5 | Post-tropical |
| Unnamed | 1907 | 83.5 | Post-tropical |
| Unnamed | 1906 | 11.0 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1904 | 47.2 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1902 | 92.2 | Post-tropical |
| Unnamed | 1902 | 0.0 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1901 | 61.4 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1899 | 73.7 | Category 1 |
| Unnamed | 1896 | 21.9 | Category 1 |
| Unnamed | 1894 | 66.4 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1894 | 65.9 | Category 1 |
| Unnamed | 1893 | 76.6 | Category 2 |
| Unnamed | 1893 | 0.0 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1893 | 3.9 | Category 1 |
| Unnamed | 1893 | 79.7 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1889 | 18.0 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1888 | 3.9 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1886 | 24.8 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1886 | 35.2 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1885 | 0.0 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1885 | 85.8 | Category 2 |
| Unnamed | 1882 | 44.0 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1878 | 13.6 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1877 | 2.1 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1874 | 75.4 | Category 1 |
| Unnamed | 1867 | 57.5 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1859 | 40.0 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1856 | 34.9 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1854 | 0.0 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1852 | 43.2 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1852 | 41.3 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1851 | 21.7 | Tropical storm |
- Tropical storms and hurricanes (34 kt or more, still tropical) at closest approach. Post-tropical remnants with gale-force winds are listed but not counted. Direct: track within 50 miles; near: within 100 miles. Distance is measured to the county boundary for counties and to the city centre for cities, using positions interpolated hourly between HURDAT2 fixes.
National Hurricane Center HURDAT2, 1851 to 2025.
Wildfire and smoke
No large wildfire has been mapped here since satellite mapping began in 1984.
Smoke overhead
Smokiest year
2023: 36 days
Heavy smoke on 3 days in 2025, the most of any year.
Last 10 years
8.3 days a year
Medium or heavy smoke, 2016 to 2025.
2025
7 days
Medium or heavy smoke. 26 so far in 2026.
- A smoke day is a date on which a smoke plume traced by NOAA Hazard Mapping System analysts from satellite imagery covered this place's point (the county's population centre or the city centre). Counts here are of medium or heavy smoke. Since 2018 analysts have often drawn light smoke as one area over most of the continent, so light-smoke counts are not comparable from year to year. The plumes show smoke anywhere in the air above, not air quality at the ground, and smoke hidden by cloud is missed.
NOAA Hazard Mapping System smoke analysis, 2011 to 2026, retrieved October 30, 2026.
Floods and flood insurance
122 federal flood insurance claims since 1979, with $973,000 paid.
Most claims in one year
2024: 34 claims
$419,000 paid.
2nd most
2015: 29 claims
$228,000 paid.
3rd most
2020: 22 claims
$189,000 paid.
Claims by ZIP code
| 29020 | 51 | $232,000 |
| 29074 | 37 | $480,000 |
| 29130 | 16 | $31,000 |
| 29045 | 8 | $96,000 |
| 29078 | 7 | $114,000 |
Flood events since 1996
- Flash Flood13
- Flood4
- Heavy Rain1
1 death recorded in flood events since 1996.
This product uses the Federal Emergency Management Agency's OpenFEMA API, but is not endorsed by FEMA. The Federal Government or FEMA cannot vouch for the data or analyses derived from these data after the data have been retrieved from the Agency's website(s).
OpenFEMA NFIP Redacted Claims v3, refreshed August 4, 2026. NOAA Storm Events through 2026.
River crests
Most severe crest
September 30, 2024
Wateree River near Camden, 38.03 ft
14.03 feet above the 24.0 ft flood stage; major flooding by today’s categories.
Most recent moderate or major crest
September 30, 2024
Wateree River near Camden, 38.03 ft
Major flooding.
| Sep 30, 2024 | Wateree River near Camden | 38.03 | +14.03 |
| Feb 8, 2020 | Wateree River near Camden | 35.23 | +11.23 |
| Oct 3, 1989 | Lake Wateree | 107.00 | +7.00 |
| Feb 8, 2020 | Lake Wateree | 106.04 | +6.04 |
| Sep 30, 2024 | Lake Wateree | 105.97 | +5.97 |
| Jan 1, 2016 | Lake Wateree | 105.39 | +5.39 |
| Jan 1, 2016 | Wateree River near Camden | 34.34 | +10.34 |
| Oct 3, 1989 | Wateree River near Camden | 33.24 | +9.24 |
| Jul 21, 1919 | Wateree River near Camden | 33.00 | +9.00 |
| May 24, 1901 | Wateree River near Camden | 32.50 | +8.50 |
| Mar 1, 1929 | Wateree River near Camden | 31.80 | +7.80 |
| Jun 5, 1909 | Wateree River near Camden | 31.70 | +7.70 |
| Dec 31, 1901 | Wateree River near Camden | 31.20 | +7.20 |
| Feb 11, 1921 | Wateree River near Camden | 31.00 | +7.00 |
| Feb 8, 1899 | Wateree River near Camden | 31.00 | +7.00 |
| Jan 20, 1925 | Wateree River near Camden | 31.00 | +7.00 |
| Oct 24, 1893 | Wateree River near Camden | 30.50 | +6.50 |
| Dec 27, 1914 | Wateree River near Camden | 30.50 | +6.50 |
| Aug 16, 1940 | Wateree River near Camden | 30.50 | +6.50 |
| Mar 25, 1903 | Wateree River near Camden | 30.40 | +6.40 |
| Mar 6, 1917 | Wateree River near Camden | 30.30 | +6.30 |
| Aug 10, 2024 | Wateree River near Camden | 30.30 | +6.30 |
| Oct 10, 1894 | Wateree River near Camden | 30.20 | +6.20 |
| Feb 16, 1922 | Wateree River near Camden | 30.20 | +6.20 |
| Jan 20, 1892 | Wateree River near Camden | 30.10 | +6.10 |
River gauges
| Lake Wateree | 100.0 | 107.00 ft | 4 |
| Wateree River near Camden | 24.0 | 38.03 ft | 2 |
- Crests are the highest and the recent crests the National Weather Service lists for each river gauge in the county that has a flood stage, not every flood. Flood categories use each gauge's current flood stages; crests from before levees, dams or channel changes may not be comparable. Crests measured on an old datum are left out of the rankings.
NOAA National Water Prediction Service gauge records, retrieved October 30, 2026.
Drought
In severe drought or worse for 125 of 1,581 months since 1895 (8%); the longest spell lasted 14 months.
125
Months in severe drought or worse since 1895
40
Months in extreme drought
8%
Share of all months, severe or worse
Lowest reading
July 2002
−5.52, extreme drought
Longest severe spell
14 months
June 2011 to July 2012.
Latest month
September 2026
−2.90, moderate drought
Last severe month: April 2026.
- The Palmer Drought Severity Index is computed by NOAA each month from the county's average temperature and precipitation, relative to the county's own climate. Zero is normal; -3 or lower is severe drought and -4 or lower extreme drought. It describes the long-term balance of moisture, not water supply or crop losses.
NOAA NCEI nClimDiv county Palmer Drought Severity Index, 1895 to September 2026, issued October 6, 2026.
Earthquakes
38 earthquakes of magnitude 2.5 or more within 50 miles since 1959; none reached magnitude 4.
17
Magnitude 2.5+ inside the county since 1973
9
Magnitude 3+ within 50 miles since 1973
0
Magnitude 4+ within 50 miles since 1900
0
Magnitude 5+ within 50 miles since 1900
Largest within 50 miles
April 13, 1998
Magnitude 3.9
9 km S of Kershaw, South Carolina; inside the county, 4.1 miles deep.
Most recent, magnitude 3 or more
February 26, 2026
Magnitude 3.0
5 km WSW of Irmo, South Carolina; 22.8 miles away.
- Earthquakes of magnitude 2.5 or more in the USGS Comprehensive Catalog since 1900. Within 50 miles means the epicentre lies within 50 miles of the county boundary (or inside the county).
- Small earthquakes were under-recorded before the modern seismic networks of the 1970s and are still missed in remote areas, so early decades read low. Magnitudes are as the catalogue reports them and mix scales (moment, local and body-wave).
USGS ANSS Comprehensive Earthquake Catalog, 1900 to present, retrieved October 30, 2026.
Severe weather and other events
552 events in the National Weather Service record, 476 of them since 1996.
59
Hail reports, 1 inch or larger
5
Hail, 2 inches or larger
286
Damaging gusts, 58 mph+
33
Winter weather events since 1996
1
Heat events since 1996
0
Cold events since 1996
Largest hail
April 9, 2011
2.75 inches
Strongest measured or estimated gust
May 6, 1999
92 mph
More event types since 1996
| Lightning | 3 | 0 |
Costliest events since 1996
- Sep 27, 2024Tropical Storm, Kershaw$2.0 million
National Weather Service narrative
Many trees and power lines down. Some roads closed. Sections of the county were without power. Falling trees damaged numerous structures across the county. At least 154 homes sustained some level of damage including 1 destroyed and 19 with major damage. Camden Woodward Field (KCDN) measured a max gust of 31 knots (36 mph) before the site stopped reporting. Areas of minor flooding, especially in the southwestern portion of the county with maximum measured 3.79 inches from a CoCoRaHS gage south of Lugoff near the Richland County line.
- Oct 8, 2016High Wind, Kershaw$600,000
National Weather Service narrative
County officials reported 55 streets closed due to blockages from downed trees and power lines in the following communities: Antioch, Bethune, Rembert, Camden, Cassat, Lugoff, Elgin, Mt. Pisgah and Westville. Portions of Interstae 20 were blocked due to trees and debris on the roadway. Duke Energy and County Officials confirmed approximately 5,000 homes were without power.
- Mar 17, 2012Lightning$400,000
National Weather Service narrative
Lightning struck a home in the Haigs creek subdivision outside of Elgin completely destroying the large home. Fire Chief Gene Faulkenberry estimated damage at $400k.
- Jul 23, 1997Tornado$225,000
National Weather Service narrative
An F2 tornado produced winds to 135 mph. Numerous trees were down. Two homes had major damage and three had minor damage. One mobile home was destroyed and three others had minor damage. One person was injured.
- Jul 17, 2013Lightning$180,000
National Weather Service narrative
EM reported 9 homes were struck by lightning and damaged.
- Apr 9, 2011Hail$120,000
National Weather Service narrative
Sheriff dispatch reported from golfball to baseball size in Camden. Reportes of several vehicles damaged along with trees down.
- Apr 9, 2011Hail$120,000
National Weather Service narrative
Storm chaser reported 2 inch hail in Camden.
- Aug 12, 2004Thunderstorm Wind$100,000
National Weather Service narrative
Several mobile homes sustained moderate to severe damage in a strong microburst. Several trees and powerlines were down.
- Jul 9, 2010Thunderstorm Wind$60,000
National Weather Service narrative
Fire Dept. reported trees and powerlines down, roof damage to several structures, and some storage buildings destroyed.
- Apr 19, 2015Thunderstorm Wind$56,000
National Weather Service narrative
EM reported trees were down in the Boykin Area. A parked truck was damaged by a tree and another damaged a home.
- Storm Events records before 1996 cover only tornadoes, thunderstorm wind and hail. Damage figures are as reported by the National Weather Service at the time, not adjusted for inflation.
NOAA NCEI Storm Events Database, 1950 to 2026, issued October 26, 2026.
Weather records
From Columbia, 34.2 miles from the county’s population centre, with records from 1948.
- All-time high
- 109°F2 times, most recently Jun 30, 2012
- All-time low
- −1°FJan 21, 1985
- Warmest night
- 82°FAug 4, 2011
- Coldest day
- 23°FDec 23, 1989
- Wettest day
- 6.87 inOct 4, 2015
- Snowiest day
- 12.3 inFeb 10, 1973
- Hottest year
- 2017mean 67.3°F
- Coldest year
- 1967mean 61.1°F
- Wettest year
- 196470.53 in
- Driest year
- 195427.38 in
- Snowiest season
- 18.2 in1972-73
Median first snow
January 25
Earliest: December 3, 1971
Median last snow
February 6
Latest: March 25, 1971
36 of 78 winters had no measurable snow.
Station Columbia (USW00013883), 345 ft elevation, 34.2 miles from the population centre. Daily records from 1948 to October 26, 2026; 100.0% of days in the last 30 years are complete. Records at a single station can differ from a city’s official threaded record, which may combine several stations.
NOAA NCEI Global Historical Climatology Network Daily.
Federal disaster declarations
28 since 1953. The most recent: Severe Winter Storm, January 23, 2026.
| Jan 23, 2026 | Winter Storm | EM-3632-SC |
| Sep 29, 2024 | Hurricane | DR-4829-SC |
| Sep 26, 2024 | Tropical Storm | EM-3619-SC |
| Aug 5, 2024 | Tropical Storm | EM-3606-SC |
| Aug 31, 2023 | Hurricane | EM-3597-SC |
| Nov 21, 2022 | Hurricane | DR-4677-SC |
| Sep 29, 2022 | Hurricane | EM-3585-SC |
| Mar 27, 2020 | Biological | DR-4492-SC |
| Mar 13, 2020 | Biological | EM-3470-SC |
| Sep 1, 2019 | Hurricane | EM-3421-SC |
| Sep 10, 2018 | Hurricane | EM-3400-SC |
| Oct 16, 2017 | Hurricane | DR-4346-SC |
| Sep 7, 2017 | Hurricane | EM-3386-SC |
| Oct 11, 2016 | Hurricane | DR-4286-SC |
| Oct 6, 2016 | Hurricane | EM-3378-SC |
| Oct 5, 2015 | Flood | DR-4241-SC |
| Oct 3, 2015 | Severe Storm | EM-3373-SC |
| Feb 12, 2014 | Severe Ice Storm | EM-3369-SC |
| Sep 10, 2005 | Hurricane | EM-3233-SC |
| Oct 7, 2004 | Hurricane | DR-1566-SC |
| Feb 13, 2004 | Severe Ice Storm | DR-1509-SC |
| Jan 31, 2000 | Severe Storm | DR-1313-SC |
| Sep 21, 1999 | Hurricane | DR-1299-SC |
| Sep 15, 1999 | Hurricane | EM-3145-SC |
| Oct 22, 1990 | Flood | DR-881-SC |
| Sep 22, 1989 | Hurricane | DR-843-SC |
| Mar 30, 1984 | Tornado | DR-700-SC |
| Aug 4, 1977 | Drought | EM-3047-SC |
This product uses the Federal Emergency Management Agency's OpenFEMA API, but is not endorsed by FEMA. The Federal Government or FEMA cannot vouch for the data or analyses derived from these data after the data have been retrieved from the Agency's website(s).
OpenFEMA Disaster Declarations Summaries, retrieved October 30, 2026. Statewide declarations are not listed.
How this compares
Where Kershaw County stands among 46 counties in South Carolina and 3,143 in the United States.
| Tornadoes since 1950 | 24 | 26 / 46 |
| Tornadoes rated F3/EF3 or stronger | 2 | 9 / 46 |
| Tropical cyclones within 50 mi | 38 | 26 / 46 |
| Hurricane-strength passes within 50 mi | 3 | 25 / 46 |
| Wildfire acres since 1984 | 0 | — |
| Flood insurance claims | 122 | 15 / 46 |
| Flood insurance paid | $973,000 | 22 / 46 |
| Disaster declarations | 28 | 8 / 46 |
| Flood events since 1996 | 18 | 32 / 46 |
| Hail and wind events since 1996 | 405 | 22 / 46 |
| Winter storm events since 1996 | 33 | 17 / 46 |
| Reported damage since 1996 | $4.8 million | 40 / 46 |
| River crests at major flood stage | 6 | 13 / 46 |
| High tide flooding days a year, last 10 years | 0.0 | — |
| Months in severe drought since 1895 | 125 | 17 / 46 |
| Medium or heavy smoke days a year, last 10 years | 8.3 | 23 / 46 |
| Earthquakes M4+ within 50 mi since 1900 | 0 | — |
| Earthquakes M2.5+ in the county since 1973 | 17 | 2 / 46 |
Neighbouring counties
| Chesterfield County | 24 | 40 |
| Darlington County | 28 | 46 |
| Fairfield County | 34 | 33 |
| Lancaster County | 13 | 34 |
| Lee County | 10 | 47 |
| Richland County | 43 | 39 |
| Sumter County | 28 | 53 |
Sources and vintage
Every number on this page comes from these public records.
- Tornadoes NOAA Storm Prediction Center severe weather database, through 2025.
- Tropical cyclones NOAA National Hurricane Center HURDAT2 (Atlantic; Northeast and Central Pacific), through 2025.
- Wildfire USGS/USFS Monitoring Trends in Burn Severity, through 2026.
- Storm events NOAA NCEI Storm Events Database, through 2026.
- Flood insurance OpenFEMA NFIP Redacted Claims v3, refreshed August 4, 2026.
- Declarations OpenFEMA Disaster Declarations Summaries v2, retrieved October 30, 2026.
- Weather records NOAA NCEI Global Historical Climatology Network Daily, station USW00013883.
- River crests NOAA National Weather Service, National Water Prediction Service river gauges, retrieved October 30, 2026.
- Drought NOAA NCEI nClimDiv county Palmer Drought Severity Index, through September 2026.
- Smoke NOAA NESDIS Hazard Mapping System smoke analysis, retrieved October 30, 2026.
- Earthquakes USGS ANSS Comprehensive Earthquake Catalog (ComCat), retrieved October 30, 2026.
Joins, thresholds and known limits are set out in the methodology. Found an error? Report it. Page built October 30, 2026.