Box Elder County
Population 65,320 (2025) 5,781 sq mi
Large wildfires have burned 611,704 acres of Box Elder County since 1984, 3rd most of 29 counties in Utah; the largest was the Goose Creek Fire in 2018.
Hazard fingerprint Each spoke is this county’s percentile among U.S. counties where that hazard occurs. How it is computed
- Tornado damage paths since 195010
- Wildfire burn scars since 1984102
At a glance
The record for Box Elder County in eight numbers. Each links to its section below.
Acres burned since 1984
611,704
3rd of 29 in Utah
102 large fires; the largest was Goose Creek, 2018
DetailsStrongest tornado
F0
August 14, 1968, 4.1 mile path
Tornadoes
About one every 7.6 years since 1950, none rated F3/EF3 or stronger.
Strongest
August 14, 1968
F0, 4.1 mile path
10 yards wide.
Most recent
Monday, May 28, 2018
EF0, 0.1 mile path
8 years ago.
Every recorded tornado
| May 28, 2018 | EF0 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 |
| May 3, 2009 | EF0 | 1.0 | 0 | 0 |
| Jul 25, 2007 | EF0 | 0.2 | 0 | 0 |
| Sep 10, 1991 | F0 | 0.2 | 0 | 0 |
| Aug 25, 1987 | F0 | 0.2 | 0 | 0 |
| Aug 16, 1984 | F0 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 |
| Aug 16, 1984 | F0 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 |
| Jun 5, 1970 | F0 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 |
| Aug 14, 1968 | F0 | 4.1 | 0 | 0 |
| Jul 9, 1962 | F0 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 |
- Injuries and deaths are for the tornado’s whole path, which may extend beyond the county. Deaths recorded within Box Elder County: 0.
- Weak tornadoes were under-recorded before Doppler radar coverage became national in the early 1990s, so earlier decades read low. Ratings use the Fujita scale before February 2007 and the Enhanced Fujita scale after.
Storm Prediction Center severe weather database, 1950 to 2025.
Hurricanes and tropical storms
No tropical storm or hurricane has tracked within 100 miles since records began in 1851.
Wildfire and smoke
611,704 acres burned in 102 large fires since 1984, equal to 17% of the land.
Largest
July 26, 2018
Goose Creek Fire, 131,550 acres
68,146 acres inside Box Elder County.
Most recent
July 31, 2024
Hag/Gat Fire
3,829 acres in total.
Every large fire
| Hag/Gat | 2024 | 3,833 | 3,829 |
| Ttu | 2021 | 5,879 | 5,878 |
| Hag Boundry | 2020 | 2,491 | 2,493 |
| Dennis Hill | 2020 | 2,960 | 2,963 |
| Bar H | 2020 | 1,461 | 1,460 |
| Matlin | 2020 | 6,231 | 6,232 |
| Shelter Pass | 2019 | 9,675 | 9,676 |
| Russell | 2019 | 6,236 | 6,234 |
| Curlew | 2019 | 4,385 | 4,384 |
| Radio Hill | 2019 | 2,556 | 2,554 |
| Goring | 2018 | 14,538 | 14,525 |
| Hansel Point | 2018 | 4,492 | 4,494 |
| Goose Creek | 2018 | 68,146 | 131,550 |
| Raft River | 2018 | 1,302 | 1,301 |
| Rough Canyon | 2018 | 3,986 | 3,984 |
| Hag 1 | 2018 | 2,069 | 2,067 |
| Shaw Springs | 2017 | 2,455 | 2,454 |
| Kelton | 2017 | 4,226 | 4,226 |
| Deseret | 2017 | 2,239 | 2,239 |
| Wildcat | 2017 | 13,100 | 13,099 |
| Sally | 2017 | 10,840 | 10,840 |
| Cedar Hills | 2017 | 5,159 | 5,157 |
| Stream | 2017 | 8,107 | 8,104 |
| I84 Mm271 | 2017 | 19 | 3,687 |
| Long Ridge | 2017 | 6,500 | 6,498 |
| Broad Mouth | 2016 | 21,009 | 21,001 |
| Peplin | 2016 | 7,097 | 7,095 |
| State | 2013 | 10,244 | 30,992 |
| Playground | 2013 | 3,110 | 3,112 |
| Thirty Two | 2013 | 1,114 | 1,115 |
| Red Butte | 2012 | 1,978 | 1,980 |
| Rhyolite | 2012 | 4,108 | 4,110 |
| Long Canyon | 2012 | 4,450 | 4,450 |
| Maple Canyon | 2011 | 5,008 | 5,008 |
| Locomotive | 2011 | 6,124 | 6,124 |
| Rattlesnake Pass | 2011 | 1,454 | 1,456 |
| White Valley | 2009 | 1,701 | 1,700 |
| Hansel Valley | 2009 | 2,966 | 2,969 |
| Friedal | 2008 | 2,669 | 2,667 |
| Devil | 2008 | 1,748 | 1,750 |
| Duncan Canyon | 2007 | 1,046 | 1,047 |
| Duffy | 2007 | 8,378 | 9,540 |
| Spiral Jetty 2 | 2007 | 1,304 | 1,303 |
| Locomotive Springs | 2007 | 6,499 | 6,499 |
| Hansel Flat | 2007 | 1,933 | 1,934 |
| Winecup Complex (West Fork) | 2007 | 30,164 | 159,891 |
| Monarch | 2007 | 1,296 | 25,043 |
| Beke | 2007 | 1,078 | 1,084 |
| Johnson East | 2007 | 1,962 | 1,959 |
| Black Pine 2 | 2007 | 101 | 69,896 |
| Hansel Valley 1 | 2007 | 4,278 | 4,275 |
| Pilot | 2006 | 2,659 | 3,024 |
| Hogups | 2006 | 30,094 | 30,089 |
| Reese | 2006 | 1,212 | 1,212 |
| Scorpio | 2006 | 14,887 | 14,888 |
| Death Ridge | 2006 | 4,419 | 4,420 |
| Anderson Hill | 2005 | 1,370 | 1,370 |
| Park Valley | 2005 | 18,699 | 18,701 |
| Sally | 2005 | 19,727 | 19,721 |
| Greasewood Knolls | 2003 | 1,542 | 1,543 |
| Buck Hollow | 2002 | 1,331 | 1,333 |
| Prospect | 2002 | 1,019 | 1,020 |
| Unnamed | 2001 | 38,646 | 38,633 |
| Little Field | 2001 | 3,911 | 3,910 |
| Thiokol | 2001 | 2,498 | 2,496 |
| Wildcat Hills | 2001 | 1,787 | 1,788 |
| Chournos | 2000 | 5,678 | 5,673 |
| Naf | 2000 | 86 | 7,097 |
| Sandal | 2000 | 3,095 | 3,094 |
| Doppler | 2000 | 2,160 | 2,160 |
| South Rose Ranch | 2000 | 6,129 | 6,129 |
| Hogup | 2000 | 14,687 | 14,690 |
| Rattlesnake Doutre | 1999 | 1,518 | 1,519 |
| Dry Canyon | 1999 | 3,693 | 3,694 |
| Peterson | 1999 | 4,464 | 4,465 |
| Samaria | 1999 | 2,141 | 2,141 |
| Wagon Box | 1999 | 10,503 | 32,154 |
| Wildcat | 1999 | 2,036 | 2,039 |
| Muddy Canyon | 1998 | 4,121 | 4,124 |
| Garn | 1998 | 2,422 | 2,421 |
| Hansel Valley | 1996 | 1,329 | 1,330 |
| Pilot | 1996 | 3,298 | 3,302 |
| Lynn | 1996 | 2,618 | 2,618 |
| Perry Canyon | 1995 | 3,123 | 3,122 |
| Puddle Valley | 1995 | 1,506 | 31,236 |
| Locomotive | 1995 | 4,049 | 4,048 |
| Thatcher Mountain | 1995 | 2,218 | 2,217 |
| Blue Springs | 1994 | 2,859 | 2,856 |
| West Hills | 1994 | 3,588 | 3,585 |
| Whites Valley Middle | 1994 | 2,486 | 2,487 |
| Whites Valley | 1994 | 3,033 | 3,027 |
| Johnson Canyon | 1994 | 8,244 | 8,244 |
| Elevator | 1994 | 17,495 | 31,841 |
| Hansel Valley Mt. | 1994 | 8,695 | 8,693 |
| Butch Mills N Promontory | 1992 | 2,732 | 2,731 |
| Little Mtn. | 1992 | 2,979 | 2,976 |
| Pocatello Valley | 1991 | 1,501 | 1,501 |
| Hansel Mountain | 1991 | 1,147 | 6,382 |
| Stateline | 1991 | 1,190 | 1,190 |
| Wallow H. | 1985 | 1,489 | 1,488 |
| Grouse Crk | 1985 | 2,141 | 2,141 |
| Morris Ranch | 1985 | 1,706 | 1,704 |
- Large fires mapped by the Monitoring Trends in Burn Severity program since 1984: 1,000 acres or more in the West, 500 or more in the East. Prescribed burns are excluded. Acres here are the part of each perimeter inside this place.
Monitoring Trends in Burn Severity (USGS and U.S. Forest Service), 1984 to 2026.
Smoke overhead
Smokiest year
2021: 62 days
Heavy smoke on 33 days in 2021, the most of any year.
Last 10 years
16.5 days a year
Medium or heavy smoke, 2016 to 2025.
2025
6 days
Medium or heavy smoke. 16 so far in 2026.
- A smoke day is a date on which a smoke plume traced by NOAA Hazard Mapping System analysts from satellite imagery covered this place's point (the county's population centre or the city centre). Counts here are of medium or heavy smoke. Since 2018 analysts have often drawn light smoke as one area over most of the continent, so light-smoke counts are not comparable from year to year. The plumes show smoke anywhere in the air above, not air quality at the ground, and smoke hidden by cloud is missed.
NOAA Hazard Mapping System smoke analysis, 2011 to 2026, retrieved October 30, 2026.
Floods and flood insurance
18 federal flood insurance claims since 1979, with $292,000 paid.
Most claims in one year
1986: 7 claims
$243,000 paid.
Claims by ZIP code
| 84302 | 9 | $290,000 |
Flood events since 1996
- Flood4
- Flash Flood2
- Heavy Rain2
This product uses the Federal Emergency Management Agency's OpenFEMA API, but is not endorsed by FEMA. The Federal Government or FEMA cannot vouch for the data or analyses derived from these data after the data have been retrieved from the Agency's website(s).
OpenFEMA NFIP Redacted Claims v3, refreshed August 4, 2026. NOAA Storm Events through 2026.
River crests
Most severe crest
June 1, 1986
Great Salt Lake above Great Salt Lake, 4,211.80 ft
7.80 feet above the 4,204.0 ft flood stage; major flooding by today’s categories.
Most recent moderate or major crest
March 15, 1988
Great Salt Lake above Great Salt Lake, 4,209.55 ft
Major flooding.
River gauges
| Bear River near Collinston | 8.2 | 8.70 ft | 1 |
| Bear River near Corinne | 15.5 | 17.50 ft | 1 |
| Great Salt Lake above Great Salt Lake | 4,204.0 | 4,211.80 ft | 5 |
- Crests are the highest and the recent crests the National Weather Service lists for each river gauge in the county that has a flood stage, not every flood. Flood categories use each gauge's current flood stages; crests from before levees, dams or channel changes may not be comparable. Crests measured on an old datum are left out of the rankings.
NOAA National Water Prediction Service gauge records, retrieved October 30, 2026.
Drought
In severe drought or worse for 317 of 1,581 months since 1895 (20%); the longest spell lasted 28 months.
317
Months in severe drought or worse since 1895
152
Months in extreme drought
20%
Share of all months, severe or worse
Lowest reading
July 1934
−8.45, extreme drought
Longest severe spell
28 months
April 1989 to July 1991.
Latest month
September 2026
−6.28, extreme drought
- The Palmer Drought Severity Index is computed by NOAA each month from the county's average temperature and precipitation, relative to the county's own climate. Zero is normal; -3 or lower is severe drought and -4 or lower extreme drought. It describes the long-term balance of moisture, not water supply or crop losses.
NOAA NCEI nClimDiv county Palmer Drought Severity Index, 1895 to September 2026, issued October 6, 2026.
Earthquakes, volcanoes and landslides
77 earthquakes of magnitude 4 or more within 50 miles since 1900; the largest was magnitude 6.6 in 1934.
212
Magnitude 2.5+ inside the county since 1973
377
Magnitude 3+ within 50 miles since 1973
77
Magnitude 4+ within 50 miles since 1900
18
Magnitude 5+ within 50 miles since 1900
Largest within 50 miles
March 12, 1934
The 1934 Hansel Valley, Utah Earthquake; inside the county, 5.3 miles deep.
Most recent, magnitude 3 or more
July 22, 2026
Magnitude 3.2
6 km WSW of Bennington, Idaho; 46.8 miles away.
Every earthquake of magnitude 4 or more within 50 miles
- Earthquakes of magnitude 2.5 or more in the USGS Comprehensive Catalog since 1900. Within 50 miles means the epicentre lies within 50 miles of the county boundary (or inside the county).
- Small earthquakes were under-recorded before the modern seismic networks of the 1970s and are still missed in remote areas, so early decades read low. Magnitudes are as the catalogue reports them and mix scales (moment, local and body-wave).
USGS ANSS Comprehensive Earthquake Catalog, 1900 to present, retrieved October 30, 2026.
Volcanoes within 100 miles
| Wapi Lava Field | 74.2 | Low |
| Black Butte Crater lava field | 83.4 | Low |
- U.S. volcanoes within 100 miles, from the USGS Volcano Hazards Program. The threat category is the USGS 2018 National Volcanic Threat Assessment, which ranks volcanoes by how hazardous their past eruptions were and how many people and how much infrastructure lie near them. It is not a forecast of eruption.
USGS Volcano Hazards Program, retrieved October 30, 2026.
Mapped landslides
954
Landslides mapped, probable or better
3
With a recorded date
4
Source inventories
Mapped by UT GRC (943), USGS Conterminous (7), NASA (3), NV NBMG (1).
- Landslides mapped in the USGS compilation of landslide inventories across the United States (version 3.0, 2025), rated probable or better. The compilation joins inventories made by federal and state agencies for different purposes and areas, so the number mapped in a county reflects how closely it has been surveyed as much as how often its slopes fail. An area with few records may simply not have been mapped. Deaths are as recorded in the inventories; a slide listed in two inventories is counted once.
USGS Landslide Inventories across the United States, version 3.0, retrieved October 27, 2026.
Severe weather and other events
826 events in the National Weather Service record, 785 of them since 1996.
19
Hail reports, 1 inch or larger
0
Hail, 2 inches or larger
253
Damaging gusts, 58 mph+
290
Winter weather events since 1996
2
Heat events since 1996
1
Cold events since 1996
Largest hail
July 10, 1997
1.75 inches
Strongest measured or estimated gust
July 13, 2022
91 mph
More event types since 1996
| Lightning | 1 | 1 |
| Dust storms and dust devils | 1 | 0 |
| Dense fog and smoke | 1 | 1 |
| Avalanches | 12 | 11 |
Costliest events since 1996
- Feb 7, 2017Flood$5.0 million
National Weather Service narrative
Significant rainfall and snowmelt led to main stem river flooding along the Bear River, and also produced widespread flooding away from the river across Box Elder County, with one estimate from the County Commissioner saying that 90% of communities in the county had been affected. Approximately 60 to 100 homes experienced basement flooding, especially in Bothwell, Garland, and Tremonton. Flooding also impacted many businesses and churches. Damage to roadways was also widespread, with over $3.1 million in road damage alone.
- Aug 3, 2023Flood$1.0 million
National Weather Service narrative
Flooding was reported in Corrine where 3.44 inches of rain was recorded. There was 5.83 inches of rain measured in Honeyville. Reports of basement flooding and photos of flooding to crops, farmland, and yards were observed.
- Aug 3, 2023Flash Flood$1.0 million
National Weather Service narrative
Flooding was reported in Corrine. Reports of basement flooding and photos of flooding to crops, farmland, and yards were observed. A rainfall amount of 3.44 inches was recorded in Corrine.
- Aug 3, 2023Flash Flood$1.0 million
National Weather Service narrative
Homes were flooded in Honeyville, where 5.66 inches of rain fell from August 1 to August 3.
- Feb 16, 2026Winter Storm, Wasatch Mountains I-80 North$500,000
National Weather Service narrative
A powerful winter storm brought heavy snow and strong winds to the area. Reported snow observations include 27 inches of snow in the Logan Mountains (3.1 inches water), 23 inches of snow at Powder Mountain (2.5 inches water), and 18 inches of snow at Snowbasin - Base (1.9 inches of water). Additionally, several SNOTEL stations including Lightning Ridge, Ben Lomond Peak, and Monte Cristo recorded from 1.6 to 2.7 inches of snow water equivalent, resulting in approximately 21 to 37 inches of snow. Some peak wind gust observations through the event include 97 mph at Snowbasin - Straw Top, 78 mph at Snowbasin - Strawberry Tower 15, and 76 mph at Ogden Peak. Inclement conditions also…
- Aug 10, 2013Wildfire, Great Salt Lake Desert And Mountains$350,000
National Weather Service narrative
The Patch Springs Fire began due to a lightning strike on August 10, two miles from the community of Terra, Utah, which eventually received some damage as the fire spread. Property damage from this fire first occurred on August 17, and the fire eventually grew to 31,010 acres before being contained on August 24. ||The fire destroyed 5 trailer homes and significantly damaged 1 additional trailer home. In addition, 8 outbuildings and 1 commercial property were destroyed by the flames. Along Highway 199, 26 power poles were damaged or destroyed by the fire.
- Apr 27, 2010High Wind, Great Salt Lake Desert And Mountains$250,000
National Weather Service narrative
The strongest recorded wind gusts in the Great Salt Lake Desert and Mountains included 83 mph at Hat Island, 72 mph at Rosebud, 70 mph at I-80 at White's Valley, 69 mph at the North Salt Flats sensor, 64 mph at Promontory Point, and 62 mph at the Wendover POE sensor. The major damage in the area occurred near the National Weather Service radar at Promontory Point, where 21 power poles that supply power to the radar were snapped.
- Apr 14, 2015High Wind, Great Salt Lake Desert And Mountains$150,000
National Weather Service narrative
The winds were strongest across Utah's northwest desert, with maximum wind gusts of 82 mph at both Lakeside Mountain and English Village, 81 mph at the Interstate 80 at Milepost 1 sensor, 75 mph at Badger Island, 74 mph at Upper Cedar Mountain, 72 mph at the Wendover Point of Entry, and many observations in the 55-70 mph range. The largest impact was along Interstate 80 near Delle, where low visibility in blowing dust was a major factor in a large pilup crash. A semitruck slowed down when experiencing reduced visibilities, but this caused several passenger vehicles to collide with the back of the truck. After the chain reaction was finished, a total of 6 semitrucks and 11…
- Jan 5, 2026Winter Weather, Eastern Box Elder County$100,000
National Weather Service narrative
Law enforcement (including dispatch, fire department, and other associated first responders) responded to a report of a collision between a semi truck and passenger vehicle on I-15 southbound near mile marker 384 shortly before 1:30 pm. Thereafter numerous other rollover and collision accidents were reported between mile marker 383 to 387. A total of two individuals were transported for medical attention with minor injuries. Winter weather is assumed to be the cause.
- Jan 10, 2024Winter Weather, Eastern Box Elder County$53,000
National Weather Service narrative
Snow Squall. Multiple mesonet stations recorded a period of moderate wind gusts (generally 20 to 30 mph), and significant reductions to visibility (at times 1/4 of a mile or less) as a band of heavy snow moved through the area. Some selected mesonet sensors with supporting observations include the I-15 @ Tremonton mesonet site (peak wind gust of 27 mph, visibility to 1/4 of a mile, snowfall rates of 2 inches per hour), the I-15 at MP 369 North Brigham City mesonet site (peak wind gust of 23 mph, visibility to 1/4 of a mile), and the I-15 @ Willard POE mesonet site (peak wind gust of 31 mph, visibility to less than a quarter of a mile). Many of these mesonet sites also reported…
- Storm Events records before 1996 cover only tornadoes, thunderstorm wind and hail. Damage figures are as reported by the National Weather Service at the time, not adjusted for inflation.
NOAA NCEI Storm Events Database, 1950 to 2026, issued October 26, 2026.
Weather records
From Brigham City Waste Plt, 5.5 miles from the county’s population centre, with records from 1974.
- All-time high
- 104°FJul 13, 2002
- All-time low
- −25°FDec 23, 1990
- Warmest night
- 78°F2 times, most recently Jul 22, 2024
- Coldest day
- 7°FJan 14, 2013
- Wettest day
- 2.93 inSep 26, 1982
- Snowiest day
- 18.0 inDec 16, 1984
- Hottest year
- 2025mean 53.7°F
- Coldest year
- 1985mean 45.9°F
- Wettest year
- 198333.93 in
- Driest year
- 20207.06 in
- Snowiest season
- 71.6 in1984-85
Median first snow
November 24
Earliest: October 6, 2007
Median last snow
March 28
Latest: May 1, 1988
0 of 34 winters had no measurable snow.
Station Brigham City Waste Plt (USC00420928), 4,240 ft elevation, 5.5 miles from the population centre. Daily records from 1974 to October 13, 2026; 94.8% of days in the last 30 years are complete. Records at a single station can differ from a city’s official threaded record, which may combine several stations.
NOAA NCEI Global Historical Climatology Network Daily.
Federal disaster declarations
9 since 1953. The most recent: Covid-19 Pandemic, April 4, 2020.
| Apr 4, 2020 | Biological | DR-4525-UT |
| Mar 13, 2020 | Biological | EM-3478-UT |
| Apr 21, 2017 | Flood | DR-4311-UT |
| Aug 8, 2011 | Flood | DR-4011-UT |
| Sep 5, 2005 | Coastal Storm | EM-3223-UT |
| Aug 1, 2005 | Flood | DR-1598-UT |
| Aug 17, 1984 | Flood | DR-720-UT |
| Apr 30, 1983 | Flood | DR-680-UT |
| Jan 20, 1977 | Drought | EM-3024-UT |
This product uses the Federal Emergency Management Agency's OpenFEMA API, but is not endorsed by FEMA. The Federal Government or FEMA cannot vouch for the data or analyses derived from these data after the data have been retrieved from the Agency's website(s).
OpenFEMA Disaster Declarations Summaries, retrieved October 30, 2026. Statewide declarations are not listed.
How this compares
Where Box Elder County stands among 29 counties in Utah and 3,143 in the United States.
| Tornadoes since 1950 | 10 | 3 / 29 |
| Tornadoes rated F3/EF3 or stronger | 0 | — |
| Tropical cyclones within 50 mi | 0 | — |
| Hurricane-strength passes within 50 mi | 0 | — |
| Wildfire acres since 1984 | 611,704 | 3 / 29 |
| Flood insurance claims | 18 | 10 / 29 |
| Flood insurance paid | $292,000 | 8 / 29 |
| Disaster declarations | 9 | 12 / 29 |
| Flood events since 1996 | 8 | 25 / 29 |
| Hail and wind events since 1996 | 473 | 3 / 29 |
| Winter storm events since 1996 | 290 | 9 / 29 |
| Reported damage since 1996 | $10.3 million | 20 / 29 |
| River crests at major flood stage | 7 | 3 / 29 |
| High tide flooding days a year, last 10 years | 0.0 | — |
| Months in severe drought since 1895 | 317 | 1 / 29 |
| Medium or heavy smoke days a year, last 10 years | 16.5 | 3 / 29 |
| Earthquakes M4+ within 50 mi since 1900 | 77 | 2 / 29 |
| Earthquakes M2.5+ in the county since 1973 | 212 | 4 / 29 |
Neighbouring counties
| Cache County | 4 | 0 |
| Cassia County ID | 10 | 0 |
| Davis County | 12 | 0 |
| Elko County NV | 23 | 0 |
| Oneida County ID | 3 | 0 |
| Tooele County | 5 | 0 |
| Weber County | 8 | 0 |
Sources and vintage
Every number on this page comes from these public records.
- Tornadoes NOAA Storm Prediction Center severe weather database, through 2025.
- Tropical cyclones NOAA National Hurricane Center HURDAT2 (Atlantic; Northeast and Central Pacific), through 2025.
- Wildfire USGS/USFS Monitoring Trends in Burn Severity, through 2026.
- Storm events NOAA NCEI Storm Events Database, through 2026.
- Flood insurance OpenFEMA NFIP Redacted Claims v3, refreshed August 4, 2026.
- Declarations OpenFEMA Disaster Declarations Summaries v2, retrieved October 30, 2026.
- Weather records NOAA NCEI Global Historical Climatology Network Daily, station USC00420928.
- River crests NOAA National Weather Service, National Water Prediction Service river gauges, retrieved October 30, 2026.
- Drought NOAA NCEI nClimDiv county Palmer Drought Severity Index, through September 2026.
- Smoke NOAA NESDIS Hazard Mapping System smoke analysis, retrieved October 30, 2026.
- Volcanoes USGS Volcano Hazards Program, U.S. volcanoes and 2018 threat assessment.
- Landslides USGS Landslide Inventories across the United States, version 3.0 (2025).
- Earthquakes USGS ANSS Comprehensive Earthquake Catalog (ComCat), retrieved October 30, 2026.
Joins, thresholds and known limits are set out in the methodology. Found an error? Report it. Page built October 30, 2026.