The December 4, 2023 earthquake

M5.1near Volcano, Hawaii

A magnitude 5.1 earthquake 1.3 miles deep, centred in Hawaii County. The 79th strongest in Hawaii’s record since 1900, and the strongest within 50 miles since a magnitude 6.2 on October 10, 2021. 48 aftershocks of magnitude 2.5 or more followed within 30 days.

Watch the sequence unfold

Magnitude 5.1 · December 4, 2023

How the ground moved

Every recorded earthquake in the sequence, in order, from the foreshocks to a month after.

About this replay

Local time (HST)—Historical replay — logged times

Main shock—

Aftershocks—of 48 in 30 days

Largest so far—

Sequence milestones

EarthquakesSized by magnitude; each flares as it strikes, then fades

Main shockMagnitude 5.1 at 1.3 miles deep

Shaking frontsThe faster and slower seismic waves, drawn at typical speeds of 6 and 3.5 km per second, not measured ones

Sequence areaEarthquakes within 20 miles are counted, the length of fault a magnitude 5.1 typically breaks

Source: U.S. Geological Survey ComCat catalogue, every event it holds within 20 miles of the epicentre from seven days before to 30 days after. Times as logged, shown in local time (HST); the clock runs faster as the sequence slows. Towns are today’s Census places.

The earthquake

Magnitude: 5.1; local magnitude (ml)
Depth: 1.3 mi; 2.1 km below the surface
Local time: Monday, December 4, 2023; 17:53 HST; 03:53 UTC on Dec 5, 2023
Epicentre: 19.33°N, 155.21°W; In Hawaii County
In Hawaii’s record: 79th; strongest of 39,637 since 1900
Within 50 miles: 1; county; more on this date

USGS ANSS Comprehensive Earthquake Catalog, event hv73673302 (“13 km SSE of Volcano, Hawaii”). The USGS event page carries the ShakeMap, felt reports and the official summary.

Aftershocks

Earthquakes of magnitude 2.5 or more within 20 miles of the epicentre in the 30 days after.

Aftershocks in 30 days

4.4

Largest aftershock, Dec 7, 2023

On the first day

In the 7 days before

The search radius is the surface rupture length expected for an earthquake of this magnitude (Wells and Coppersmith, 1994), at least 20 and at most 600 miles, so a great earthquake's sequence is counted along its whole fault.

Counties and cities within 50 miles

Distance from the epicentre to each county boundary (zero when inside) and to each city centre.

Counties

Hawaii CountyHI · inside

Earthquakes around the epicentre

7,007 earthquakes of magnitude 3 or more within 50 miles of this epicentre since 1973.

Earlier earthquakes of magnitude 5 or more within 50 miles, strongest first

USGS ANSS Comprehensive Earthquake Catalog. Local time is the time zone of the county nearest the epicentre. Magnitudes are as the catalogue reports them.