Walker County
Population 65,140 (2025) 791 sq mi
Walker County has recorded 59 tornadoes since 1950, 13th most of 67 counties in Alabama; the most recent was on March 15, 2025.
Hazard fingerprint Each spoke is this county’s percentile among U.S. counties where that hazard occurs. How it is computed
- Tornado damage paths since 195059
- Tropical cyclone tracks within 100 miles since 1851, wider where stronger21
- Wildfire burn scars since 19842
At a glance
The record for Walker County in eight numbers. Each links to its section below.
Tropical cyclones within 50 mi
9
49th of 67 in Alabama
None at hurricane strength since 1851
DetailsAcres burned since 1984
1,213
24th of 67 in Alabama
2 large fires; the largest was Cyclops, 2016
DetailsStrongest tornado
EF4
April 27, 2011, 127.8 mile path
Strongest tropical cyclone
TS
Tropical storm Zeta, 2020, 30.2 miles away
Tornadoes
About one every 1.3 years since 1950, 11 of them rated F3/EF3 or stronger.
Strongest
April 27, 2011
EF4, 127.8 mile path
1,408 yards wide; 13 killed along the whole path.
Most recent
Saturday, March 15, 2025
EF2, 39.5 mile path
Within the past year.
Every recorded tornado
| Mar 15, 2025 | EF2 | 39.5 | 0 | 0 |
| Nov 30, 2022 | EF0 | 2.0 | 0 | 0 |
| Apr 12, 2020 | EF1 | 2.9 | 3 | 0 |
| Apr 12, 2020 | EF2 | 6.9 | 0 | 0 |
| Apr 12, 2020 | EF1 | 9.0 | 0 | 0 |
| Apr 12, 2020 | EF1 | 6.1 | 0 | 0 |
| Feb 23, 2019 | EF0 | 5.0 | 0 | 0 |
| Apr 28, 2014 | EF1 | 2.4 | 0 | 0 |
| Apr 11, 2013 | EF1 | 5.5 | 0 | 0 |
| Jan 30, 2013 | EF0 | 4.9 | 0 | 0 |
| Apr 27, 2011 | EF4 | 127.8 | 54 | 13 |
| Apr 27, 2011 | EF3 | 18.9 | 20 | 0 |
| Apr 24, 2010 | EF3 | 29.6 | 0 | 0 |
| Apr 24, 2010 | EF1 | 4.6 | 0 | 0 |
| May 6, 2009 | EF0 | 0.2 | 0 | 0 |
| May 6, 2009 | EF1 | 1.0 | 0 | 0 |
| May 6, 2009 | EF0 | 3.4 | 0 | 0 |
| Dec 24, 2008 | EF0 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 |
| Dec 10, 2008 | EF2 | 4.7 | 0 | 0 |
| Dec 10, 2008 | EF1 | 0.8 | 0 | 0 |
| Oct 8, 2008 | EF0 | 0.5 | 0 | 0 |
| May 10, 2008 | EF2 | 13.5 | 0 | 0 |
| May 10, 2008 | EF1 | 9.3 | 0 | 0 |
| May 8, 2008 | EF1 | 3.3 | 0 | 0 |
| May 8, 2008 | EF1 | 11.0 | 0 | 0 |
| Feb 6, 2008 | EF2 | 26.2 | 4 | 0 |
| Mar 13, 2006 | F1 | 1.3 | 0 | 0 |
| Apr 30, 2005 | F1 | 0.6 | 0 | 0 |
| Nov 18, 2003 | F1 | 6.3 | 0 | 0 |
| May 7, 2003 | F1 | 2.4 | 0 | 0 |
| Nov 10, 2002 | F1 | 4.3 | 0 | 0 |
| Nov 10, 2002 | F3 | 72.6 | 53 | 7 |
| Nov 10, 2002 | F3 | 44.3 | 38 | 4 |
| Nov 24, 2001 | F3 | 38.9 | 1 | 2 |
| Apr 16, 1998 | F1 | 5.5 | 0 | 0 |
| Apr 16, 1998 | F0 | 4.6 | 0 | 0 |
| Apr 16, 1998 | F0 | 1.8 | 0 | 0 |
| Apr 22, 1995 | F1 | 1.5 | 0 | 0 |
| May 3, 1993 | F1 | 1.0 | 0 | 0 |
| May 3, 1993 | F0 | 0.5 | 0 | 0 |
| Nov 22, 1992 | F1 | 10.0 | 0 | 0 |
| Nov 26, 1988 | F0 | 0.3 | 0 | 0 |
| Aug 16, 1985 | F1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 |
| Aug 16, 1985 | F1 | 3.0 | 0 | 0 |
| Aug 16, 1985 | F2 | 1.5 | 5 | 0 |
| Aug 16, 1985 | F2 | 1.3 | 1 | 1 |
| Nov 23, 1983 | F2 | 0.5 | 0 | 0 |
| Feb 22, 1983 | F2 | 8.0 | 0 | 0 |
| Dec 8, 1978 | F1 | 1.0 | 1 | 0 |
| Feb 23, 1975 | F2 | 1.0 | 0 | 0 |
| Apr 3, 1974 | F4 | 110.6 | 178 | 3 |
| May 8, 1973 | F2 | 2.0 | 0 | 0 |
| Mar 6, 1967 | F4 | 20.9 | 25 | 2 |
| Mar 6, 1967 | F1 | 0.1 | 1 | 0 |
| Mar 11, 1963 | F1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 |
| Mar 7, 1961 | F3 | 25.9 | 1 | 0 |
| Nov 17, 1957 | F4 | 7.2 | 15 | 4 |
| Feb 20, 1953 | F2 | 0.7 | 1 | 0 |
| Jan 20, 1953 | F3 | 1.5 | 0 | 0 |
- Injuries and deaths are for the tornado’s whole path, which may extend beyond the county. Deaths recorded within Walker County: 26.
- Weak tornadoes were under-recorded before Doppler radar coverage became national in the early 1990s, so earlier decades read low. Ratings use the Fujita scale before February 2007 and the Enhanced Fujita scale after.
Storm Prediction Center severe weather database, 1950 to 2025.
Hurricanes and tropical storms
9 passed within 50 miles since 1851; none at hurricane strength.
Strongest within 50 miles
October 29, 2020
Zeta, Tropical storm
30.2 miles at closest approach, winds near 67 mph.
Most recent
October 29, 2020
Zeta, Tropical storm
30.2 miles at closest approach.
Every storm within 100 miles
| Zeta | 2020 | 30.2 | Tropical storm |
| Katrina | 2005 | 54.9 | Tropical storm |
| Opal | 1995 | 50.8 | Tropical storm |
| Juan | 1985 | 15.6 | Tropical storm |
| Frederic | 1979 | 17.7 | Tropical storm |
| Eloise | 1975 | 88.8 | Tropical storm |
| Audrey | 1957 | 85.2 | Tropical storm |
| Baker | 1950 | 40.7 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1934 | 75.2 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1932 | 30.2 | Post-tropical |
| Unnamed | 1923 | 86.3 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1916 | 0.0 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1916 | 8.4 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1915 | 13.9 | Post-tropical |
| Unnamed | 1912 | 60.3 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1907 | 66.7 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1901 | 82.8 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1892 | 0.0 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1881 | 27.1 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1879 | 13.9 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1860 | 96.4 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1860 | 53.0 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1855 | 65.3 | Tropical storm |
- Tropical storms and hurricanes (34 kt or more, still tropical) at closest approach. Post-tropical remnants with gale-force winds are listed but not counted. Direct: track within 50 miles; near: within 100 miles. Distance is measured to the county boundary for counties and to the city centre for cities, using positions interpolated hourly between HURDAT2 fixes.
National Hurricane Center HURDAT2, 1851 to 2025.
Wildfire and smoke
1,213 acres burned in 2 large fires since 1984, equal to 0.2% of the land.
Largest
November 5, 2016
Cyclops Fire, 659 acres
660 acres inside Walker County.
Most recent
November 5, 2016
Cyclops Fire
659 acres in total.
Every large fire
| Cyclops | 2016 | 660 | 659 |
| Unnamed | 1999 | 553 | 552 |
- Large fires mapped by the Monitoring Trends in Burn Severity program since 1984: 1,000 acres or more in the West, 500 or more in the East. Prescribed burns are excluded. Acres here are the part of each perimeter inside this place.
Monitoring Trends in Burn Severity (USGS and U.S. Forest Service), 1984 to 2026.
Smoke overhead
Smokiest year
2023: 52 days
Heavy smoke on 5 days in 2023, the most of any year.
Last 10 years
11.6 days a year
Medium or heavy smoke, 2016 to 2025.
2025
8 days
Medium or heavy smoke. 42 so far in 2026.
- A smoke day is a date on which a smoke plume traced by NOAA Hazard Mapping System analysts from satellite imagery covered this place's point (the county's population centre or the city centre). Counts here are of medium or heavy smoke. Since 2018 analysts have often drawn light smoke as one area over most of the continent, so light-smoke counts are not comparable from year to year. The plumes show smoke anywhere in the air above, not air quality at the ground, and smoke hidden by cloud is missed.
NOAA Hazard Mapping System smoke analysis, 2011 to 2026, retrieved October 30, 2026.
Floods and flood insurance
65 federal flood insurance claims since 1980, with $686,000 paid.
Most claims in one year
2009: 16 claims
$216,000 paid.
2nd most
2015: 13 claims
$137,000 paid.
3rd most
1990: 5 claims
$42,000 paid.
Claims by ZIP code
| 35130 | 27 | $305,000 |
| 35504 | 9 | $80,000 |
| 35501 | 7 | $118,000 |
| 35502 | 6 | $962 |
Flood events since 1996
- Flash Flood34
- Flood3
- Heavy Rain2
This product uses the Federal Emergency Management Agency's OpenFEMA API, but is not endorsed by FEMA. The Federal Government or FEMA cannot vouch for the data or analyses derived from these data after the data have been retrieved from the Agency's website(s).
OpenFEMA NFIP Redacted Claims v3, refreshed August 4, 2026. NOAA Storm Events through 2026.
River crests
Most severe crest
March 14, 1909
Black Warrior River at Cordova, 41.50 ft
19.50 feet above the 22.0 ft flood stage; major flooding by today’s categories.
Most recent moderate or major crest
January 7, 2009
Black Warrior River at Cordova, 24.70 ft
Moderate flooding.
River gauges
| Black Warrior River at Cordova | 22.0 | 41.50 ft | 2 |
| Blackwater Creek (AL) near Manchester | 8.0 | 13.10 ft | 0 |
| Lost Creek (AL) near Oakman | 15.0 | 20.82 ft | 0 |
- Crests are the highest and the recent crests the National Weather Service lists for each river gauge in the county that has a flood stage, not every flood. Flood categories use each gauge's current flood stages; crests from before levees, dams or channel changes may not be comparable. Crests measured on an old datum are left out of the rankings.
NOAA National Water Prediction Service gauge records, retrieved October 30, 2026.
Drought
In severe drought or worse for 107 of 1,581 months since 1895 (7%); the longest spell lasted 13 months.
107
Months in severe drought or worse since 1895
32
Months in extreme drought
7%
Share of all months, severe or worse
39
Drought reports to the Weather Service since 1996
Lowest reading
January 2008
−5.08, extreme drought
Longest severe spell
13 months
September 1897 to September 1898.
Latest month
September 2026
−1.58, mild drought
Last severe month: April 2017.
- The Palmer Drought Severity Index is computed by NOAA each month from the county's average temperature and precipitation, relative to the county's own climate. Zero is normal; -3 or lower is severe drought and -4 or lower extreme drought. It describes the long-term balance of moisture, not water supply or crop losses.
NOAA NCEI nClimDiv county Palmer Drought Severity Index, 1895 to September 2026, issued October 6, 2026.
Earthquakes
4 earthquakes of magnitude 4 or more within 50 miles since 1900; the largest was magnitude 5.1 in 1916.
6
Magnitude 2.5+ inside the county since 1973
21
Magnitude 3+ within 50 miles since 1973
4
Magnitude 4+ within 50 miles since 1900
1
Magnitude 5+ within 50 miles since 1900
Largest within 50 miles
October 18, 1916
Near Irondale, Alabama; 23.3 miles away, 8.7 miles deep.
Most recent, magnitude 3 or more
September 13, 2011
Magnitude 3.0
1 km NNW of Leeds, Alabama; 28.4 miles away.
Every earthquake of magnitude 4 or more within 50 miles
| Jun 24, 1975 | 4.5 | 15.8 |
| Apr 23, 1957 | 4.1 | 13.4 |
| May 5, 1931 | 4.0 | 21.5 |
| Oct 18, 1916 | 5.1 | 23.3 |
- Earthquakes of magnitude 2.5 or more in the USGS Comprehensive Catalog since 1900. Within 50 miles means the epicentre lies within 50 miles of the county boundary (or inside the county).
- Small earthquakes were under-recorded before the modern seismic networks of the 1970s and are still missed in remote areas, so early decades read low. Magnitudes are as the catalogue reports them and mix scales (moment, local and body-wave).
USGS ANSS Comprehensive Earthquake Catalog, 1900 to present, retrieved October 30, 2026.
Severe weather and other events
740 events in the National Weather Service record, 596 of them since 1996.
118
Hail reports, 1 inch or larger
15
Hail, 2 inches or larger
266
Damaging gusts, 58 mph+
21
Winter weather events since 1996
7
Heat events since 1996
8
Cold events since 1996
Largest hail
April 21, 2006
4.25 inches
Strongest measured or estimated gust
January 30, 2013
90 mph
More event types since 1996
| Lightning | 6 | 0 |
| Debris flows | 1 | 0 |
Costliest events since 1996
- Apr 27, 2011Tornado$115 million
National Weather Service narrative
The sixth segment of this long track tornado entered southwest Walker County south of Blue Water Rd and moved northeast, where it eventually exited the northeast portion of the county east of Phillipstown Rd. This tornado began in Pickens County, 5 miles northeast of Pickensville, and tracked through Tuscaloosa, Fayette, Walker, Cullman (See Storm Data for Huntsville), and Blount Counties, before it dissipated in Marshall (See Storm Data for Huntsville) County. While the average path width of this tornado in Walker County was around 0.3 miles (528 yds), the tornado widened as it approached the city of Cordova to a path width maximum of 0.6 mile (1056 yds). Shortly after it entered…
- Apr 27, 2011Tornado$13.4 million
National Weather Service narrative
A tornado developed along a Quasi-Linear Convective System and touched down in rural southwestern Walker County, near the Fairview community. The tornado moved north northeast through Cordova before lifting near Lynns Park. The tornado touched down southwest of CR 6 and rapidly intensified to an EF3 rating with winds of 140 mph. Along Horseshoe Bend, a home was completely leveled, where it swept the foundation clean of the structure and debris. The tornado continued north northeast through the Richardson subdivision and across Pleasantville Road. It destroyed at least two single-wide manufactured homes. The tornado crossed US Hwy 269 where it weakened to an EF2 with winds of 120…
- Nov 10, 2002Tornado$2.5 million
National Weather Service narrative
The Saragossa Tornado was the fourth tornado to occur in Alabama and the longest track of the severe weather episode. It began in Fayette County, just east of the Sipsey River about 6 miles north-northeast of the city of Fayette at 8:15 pm. The tornado moved northeast, crossing portions of State Routes 102 and 13, and then SR 102 again around Stoddards Crossroads.The tornado crossed into Walker County at 8:34 pm and traveled through sparsely populated areas of western Walker County. It crossed the interchange of US Highway 78 about 5.5 miles east-southeast of Carbon Hill, and became very strong as it traveled through the Saragossa area. It crossed State Roads 5, 195, and 257,…
- Nov 10, 2002Tornado$2.5 million
National Weather Service narrative
The Carbon Hill Tornado was the first tornado of the evening. It began in Fayette County at 6:52 pm, about 5.6 miles north-northwest of the city of Fayette, and 2.8 miles west of US Highway 43. The tornado moved on a northeast track crossing US 43, State Route 129, and SR 13, and then moved into Walker County just southwest of Carbon Hill at 7:10 pm.It then crossed the western and northern sections of Carbon Hill, downing trees and power lines and damaging many residential structures. Carbon Hill Elementary School was also heavily damaged. The tornado continued northeast, crossing SR5, and exited the county at SR 195. The two deaths associated with this tornado occurred just south…
- May 6, 2009Tornado$850,000
National Weather Service narrative
The tornado touched down near the eastern city limits of Jasper, tracked eastward across Highway 78, and lifted near Golf Course Road. Five structures were damaged. A bank drive through structure was detached from the main building and rotated 90 degrees. Two car dealerships sustained damage. Forty cars were totaled, mostly due to broken windows resulting in water damage. Three air handlers atop the dealerships were rolled. Numerous trees were uprooted. A billboard was also impaled by a fiberglass missile.
- Aug 29, 2005Tropical Storm, Walker$800,000
National Weather Service narrative
Numerous trees and power lines were knocked down during Katrina. At least half of the power customers in the county lost power for several hours.
- Aug 9, 2013Lightning$775,000
National Weather Service narrative
Lightning struck the First Church of the Nazarene, causing a fire that destroyed the building. Fire personnel on the scene estimated damages to be greater than $775K.
- Mar 26, 2011Hail$750,000
National Weather Service narrative
The second of two hail storms moved across Jasper at 9:20pm CST, producing hail stones up to 2.00 inches wide and causing extensive damage to vehicles and homes. Hundreds of cars in the city were damaged. Many car dealerships had damage to every car on the lot. Hundreds of homes sustained roof damage. Property damage amounts are estimated.
- Mar 26, 2011Hail$750,000
National Weather Service narrative
The first of two significant hail storms, with hailstones up to 1.50 inches wide, crossed the city of Jasper around 8:00pm CST, causing extensive damage to vehicles and homes. Hundreds of cars in the city were damaged. Many car dealerships had damage to every car on the lot. Hundreds of homes sustained roof damage. Property damage amounts are estimated.
- Apr 24, 2010Tornado$598,000
National Weather Service narrative
This long tracked, strong, tornado first touched down in the Walker County city of Parrish. It then remained on the ground for 54 minutes, traversing nearly 30 miles in three counties. The vast majority of the damage was done in Walker County. In addition to Parrish, heavy damaged occurred in the cities of Cordova, Sumiton, and Empire. Between 70 and 80 homes and other buildings along the path received varying degrees of damage, and at least one home in Parrish was completely destroyed. Somewhere between 800 and 1000 trees were snapped, with a similar number uprooted. While there were no known deaths or injuries directly caused by the tornado, one 50 year old woman died (indirect)…
- Storm Events records before 1996 cover only tornadoes, thunderstorm wind and hail. Damage figures are as reported by the National Weather Service at the time, not adjusted for inflation.
NOAA NCEI Storm Events Database, 1950 to 2026, issued October 26, 2026.
Weather records
From Birmingham Airport, 34.5 miles from the county’s population centre, with records from 1930.
- All-time high
- 107°FJul 29, 1930
- All-time low
- −6°FJan 21, 1985
- Warmest night
- 81°F4 times, most recently Jul 8, 2016
- Coldest day
- 13°FDec 12, 1962
- Wettest day
- 9.75 inSep 16, 2004
- Snowiest day
- 10.3 inMar 13, 1993
- Hottest year
- 2016mean 66.3°F
- Coldest year
- 1976mean 60.3°F
- Wettest year
- 196176.48 in
- Driest year
- 200728.86 in
- Snowiest season
- 13.0 in1992-93
Median first snow
January 19
Earliest: November 24, 1938
Median last snow
February 4
Latest: April 3, 1987
37 of 95 winters had no measurable snow.
Station Birmingham Airport (USW00013876), 616 ft elevation, 34.5 miles from the population centre. Daily records from 1930 to October 26, 2026; 99.9% of days in the last 30 years are complete. Records at a single station can differ from a city’s official threaded record, which may combine several stations.
NOAA NCEI Global Historical Climatology Network Daily.
Federal disaster declarations
25 since 1953. The most recent: Hurricane Helene, September 26, 2024.
| Sep 26, 2024 | Hurricane | EM-3618-AL |
| Sep 14, 2020 | Hurricane | EM-3545-AL |
| Jul 10, 2020 | Severe Storm | DR-4555-AL |
| Mar 29, 2020 | Biological | DR-4503-AL |
| Mar 13, 2020 | Biological | EM-3472-AL |
| Sep 11, 2017 | Hurricane | EM-3389-AL |
| Jan 21, 2016 | Severe Storm | DR-4251-AL |
| Apr 28, 2011 | Severe Storm | DR-1971-AL |
| Apr 27, 2011 | Severe Storm | EM-3319-AL |
| May 3, 2010 | Severe Storm | DR-1908-AL |
| Aug 30, 2008 | Hurricane | EM-3292-AL |
| Sep 10, 2005 | Hurricane | EM-3237-AL |
| Sep 15, 2004 | Hurricane | DR-1549-AL |
| May 12, 2003 | Severe Storm | DR-1466-AL |
| Nov 14, 2002 | Severe Storm | DR-1442-AL |
| Mar 5, 2001 | Severe Storm | DR-1362-AL |
| Sep 24, 1999 | Fire | FM-2283-AL |
| Apr 9, 1998 | Severe Storm | DR-1214-AL |
| Mar 15, 1993 | Snowstorm | EM-3096-AL |
| Feb 17, 1990 | Severe Storm | DR-856-AL |
| Apr 18, 1979 | Flood | DR-578-AL |
| Jul 20, 1977 | Drought | EM-3045-AL |
| Mar 14, 1975 | Flood | DR-458-AL |
| Apr 4, 1974 | Tornado | DR-422-AL |
| Mar 27, 1973 | Tornado | DR-369-AL |
This product uses the Federal Emergency Management Agency's OpenFEMA API, but is not endorsed by FEMA. The Federal Government or FEMA cannot vouch for the data or analyses derived from these data after the data have been retrieved from the Agency's website(s).
OpenFEMA Disaster Declarations Summaries, retrieved October 30, 2026. Statewide declarations are not listed.
How this compares
Where Walker County stands among 67 counties in Alabama and 3,143 in the United States.
| Tornadoes since 1950 | 59 | 13 / 67 |
| Tornadoes rated F3/EF3 or stronger | 11 | 6 / 67 |
| Tropical cyclones within 50 mi | 9 | 49 / 67 |
| Hurricane-strength passes within 50 mi | 0 | — |
| Wildfire acres since 1984 | 1,213 | 24 / 67 |
| Flood insurance claims | 65 | 27 / 67 |
| Flood insurance paid | $686,000 | 33 / 67 |
| Disaster declarations | 25 | 31 / 67 |
| Flood events since 1996 | 39 | 28 / 67 |
| Hail and wind events since 1996 | 434 | 19 / 67 |
| Winter storm events since 1996 | 21 | 23 / 67 |
| Reported damage since 1996 | $143 million | 9 / 67 |
| River crests at major flood stage | 2 | 23 / 67 |
| High tide flooding days a year, last 10 years | 0.0 | — |
| Months in severe drought since 1895 | 107 | 32 / 67 |
| Medium or heavy smoke days a year, last 10 years | 11.6 | 7 / 67 |
| Earthquakes M4+ within 50 mi since 1900 | 4 | 4 / 67 |
| Earthquakes M2.5+ in the county since 1973 | 6 | 5 / 67 |
Neighbouring counties
| Blount County | 57 | 4 |
| Cullman County | 93 | 5 |
| Fayette County | 55 | 13 |
| Jefferson County | 110 | 11 |
| Marion County | 48 | 9 |
| Tuscaloosa County | 94 | 16 |
| Winston County | 43 | 7 |
Sources and vintage
Every number on this page comes from these public records.
- Tornadoes NOAA Storm Prediction Center severe weather database, through 2025.
- Tropical cyclones NOAA National Hurricane Center HURDAT2 (Atlantic; Northeast and Central Pacific), through 2025.
- Wildfire USGS/USFS Monitoring Trends in Burn Severity, through 2026.
- Storm events NOAA NCEI Storm Events Database, through 2026.
- Flood insurance OpenFEMA NFIP Redacted Claims v3, refreshed August 4, 2026.
- Declarations OpenFEMA Disaster Declarations Summaries v2, retrieved October 30, 2026.
- Weather records NOAA NCEI Global Historical Climatology Network Daily, station USW00013876.
- River crests NOAA National Weather Service, National Water Prediction Service river gauges, retrieved October 30, 2026.
- Drought NOAA NCEI nClimDiv county Palmer Drought Severity Index, through September 2026.
- Smoke NOAA NESDIS Hazard Mapping System smoke analysis, retrieved October 30, 2026.
- Earthquakes USGS ANSS Comprehensive Earthquake Catalog (ComCat), retrieved October 30, 2026.
Joins, thresholds and known limits are set out in the methodology. Found an error? Report it. Page built October 30, 2026.