Berrien County
Population 18,932 (2025) 453 sq mi
57 tropical storms and hurricanes have passed within 50 miles of Berrien County since 1851, 8 of them at hurricane strength; the strongest was Helene in 2024 (Category 1).
Hazard fingerprint Each spoke is this county’s percentile among U.S. counties where that hazard occurs. How it is computed
- Tornado damage paths since 195014
- Tropical cyclone tracks within 100 miles since 1851, wider where stronger87
- Wildfire burn scars since 19841
At a glance
The record for Berrien County in eight numbers. Each links to its section below.
Acres burned since 1984
582
52nd of 159 in Georgia
1 large fire; the largest was Unnamed, 2007
DetailsStrongest tornado
EF3
January 22, 2017, 24.7 mile path
Strongest tropical cyclone
Cat. 1
Hurricane Helene, 2024, 0.0 miles away
Tornadoes
About one every 5.4 years since 1950, 2 of them rated F3/EF3 or stronger.
Strongest
January 22, 2017
EF3, 24.7 mile path
700 yards wide; 11 killed along the whole path.
Most recent
Wednesday, June 14, 2023
EF0, 0.1 mile path
3 years ago.
Every recorded tornado
| Jun 14, 2023 | EF0 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 |
| Apr 8, 2020 | EF0 | 4.4 | 0 | 0 |
| Jan 22, 2017 | EF3 | 24.7 | 45 | 11 |
| Jun 25, 1994 | F0 | 0.7 | 0 | 0 |
| Jun 11, 1993 | F1 | 1.0 | 0 | 0 |
| Jul 25, 1991 | F1 | 0.7 | 0 | 0 |
| Apr 4, 1980 | F1 | 0.2 | 0 | 0 |
| Jan 25, 1975 | F1 | 10.4 | 0 | 0 |
| Apr 8, 1974 | F1 | 92.6 | 7 | 1 |
| Dec 30, 1973 | F0 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 |
| Mar 12, 1968 | F1 | 0.5 | 0 | 0 |
| Jun 8, 1962 | F1 | 2.0 | 0 | 0 |
| Jun 30, 1959 | F1 | 0.5 | 0 | 0 |
| May 11, 1952 | F3 | 4.3 | 10 | 0 |
- Injuries and deaths are for the tornado’s whole path, which may extend beyond the county. Deaths recorded within Berrien County: 2.
- Weak tornadoes were under-recorded before Doppler radar coverage became national in the early 1990s, so earlier decades read low. Ratings use the Fujita scale before February 2007 and the Enhanced Fujita scale after.
Storm Prediction Center severe weather database, 1950 to 2025.
Hurricanes and tropical storms
57 passed within 50 miles since 1851; 8 at hurricane strength.
Strongest within 50 miles
September 27, 2024
Helene, Category 1
0.0 miles at closest approach, winds near 92 mph.
Most recent
September 27, 2024
Helene, Category 1
0.0 miles at closest approach.
Every storm within 100 miles
| Helene | 2024 | 0.0 | Category 1 |
| Debby | 2024 | 42.6 | Tropical storm |
| Idalia | 2023 | 15.9 | Category 1 |
| Elsa | 2021 | 7.0 | Tropical storm |
| Eta | 2020 | 89.5 | Tropical storm |
| Nestor | 2019 | 23.4 | Post-tropical |
| Michael | 2018 | 52.2 | Category 1 |
| Irma | 2017 | 15.0 | Tropical storm |
| Julia | 2016 | 86.8 | Tropical storm |
| Hermine | 2016 | 0.0 | Tropical storm |
| Colin | 2016 | 57.4 | Tropical storm |
| Andrea | 2013 | 58.6 | Tropical storm |
| Fay | 2008 | 85.5 | Tropical storm |
| Alberto | 2006 | 7.2 | Tropical storm |
| Jeanne | 2004 | 24.3 | Tropical storm |
| Frances | 2004 | 68.2 | Tropical storm |
| Earl | 1998 | 15.1 | Tropical storm |
| Josephine | 1996 | 36.9 | Tropical storm |
| Allison | 1995 | 0.0 | Tropical storm |
| Kate | 1985 | 8.1 | Category 1 |
| Isidore | 1984 | 97.2 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1976 | 43.1 | Subtropical storm |
| Alpha | 1972 | 38.2 | Subtropical storm |
| Abby | 1968 | 72.4 | Tropical storm |
| Alma | 1966 | 3.4 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1965 | 75.5 | Tropical storm |
| Hilda | 1964 | 7.4 | Post-tropical |
| Dora | 1964 | 9.5 | Tropical storm |
| Brenda | 1960 | 43.3 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1957 | 7.2 | Tropical storm |
| Flossy | 1956 | 19.4 | Tropical storm |
| Florence | 1953 | 4.7 | Post-tropical |
| King | 1950 | 7.7 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1949 | 8.1 | Category 1 |
| Unnamed | 1947 | 2.4 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1947 | 63.6 | Post-tropical |
| Unnamed | 1946 | 59.5 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1944 | 94.8 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1941 | 26.8 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1940 | 71.9 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1937 | 78.6 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1936 | 74.1 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1935 | 5.1 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1933 | 1.1 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1932 | 47.1 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1929 | 5.3 | Post-tropical |
| Unnamed | 1926 | 0.0 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1924 | 10.7 | Post-tropical |
| Unnamed | 1924 | 15.4 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1917 | 35.9 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1916 | 94.2 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1915 | 49.5 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1914 | 0.0 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1912 | 0.0 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1910 | 84.7 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1907 | 0.0 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1907 | 9.6 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1902 | 0.0 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1901 | 50.0 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1901 | 64.0 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1900 | 85.3 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1898 | 25.5 | Category 1 |
| Unnamed | 1898 | 78.0 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1896 | 60.9 | Category 2 |
| Unnamed | 1896 | 84.6 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1894 | 6.9 | Category 1 |
| Unnamed | 1893 | 37.3 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1889 | 92.1 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1888 | 38.6 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1886 | 0.0 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1886 | 17.4 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1885 | 29.9 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1885 | 36.5 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1885 | 11.9 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1884 | 99.9 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1882 | 50.8 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1882 | 98.9 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1881 | 36.8 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1880 | 56.0 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1878 | 19.2 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1877 | 9.0 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1877 | 0.0 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1874 | 89.5 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1873 | 12.1 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1871 | 13.1 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1871 | 98.5 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1871 | 0.0 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1868 | 21.6 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1867 | 94.0 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1860 | 17.8 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1856 | 35.9 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1852 | 0.0 | Category 1 |
| Unnamed | 1851 | 36.9 | Category 1 |
- Tropical storms and hurricanes (34 kt or more, still tropical) at closest approach. Post-tropical remnants with gale-force winds are listed but not counted. Direct: track within 50 miles; near: within 100 miles. Distance is measured to the county boundary for counties and to the city centre for cities, using positions interpolated hourly between HURDAT2 fixes.
National Hurricane Center HURDAT2, 1851 to 2025.
Wildfire and smoke
582 acres burned in 1 large fire since 1984, equal to 0.2% of the land.
Largest
May 7, 2007
Unnamed Fire, 581 acres
581 acres inside Berrien County.
Most recent
May 7, 2007
Unnamed Fire
581 acres in total.
Every large fire
| Unnamed | 2007 | 581 | 581 |
- Large fires mapped by the Monitoring Trends in Burn Severity program since 1984: 1,000 acres or more in the West, 500 or more in the East. Prescribed burns are excluded. Acres here are the part of each perimeter inside this place.
Monitoring Trends in Burn Severity (USGS and U.S. Forest Service), 1984 to 2026.
Smoke overhead
Smokiest year
2023: 27 days
Heavy smoke on 4 days in 2025, the most of any year.
Last 10 years
7.5 days a year
Medium or heavy smoke, 2016 to 2025.
2025
8 days
Medium or heavy smoke. 23 so far in 2026.
- A smoke day is a date on which a smoke plume traced by NOAA Hazard Mapping System analysts from satellite imagery covered this place's point (the county's population centre or the city centre). Counts here are of medium or heavy smoke. Since 2018 analysts have often drawn light smoke as one area over most of the continent, so light-smoke counts are not comparable from year to year. The plumes show smoke anywhere in the air above, not air quality at the ground, and smoke hidden by cloud is missed.
NOAA Hazard Mapping System smoke analysis, 2011 to 2026, retrieved October 30, 2026.
Floods and flood insurance
8 federal flood insurance claims since 2009, with $156,000 paid.
Claims by ZIP code
| 31639 | 6 | $119,000 |
Flood events since 1996
- Flash Flood25
- Heavy Rain2
This product uses the Federal Emergency Management Agency's OpenFEMA API, but is not endorsed by FEMA. The Federal Government or FEMA cannot vouch for the data or analyses derived from these data after the data have been retrieved from the Agency's website(s).
OpenFEMA NFIP Redacted Claims v3, refreshed August 4, 2026. NOAA Storm Events through 2026.
River crests
Most severe crest
April 30, 1928
Alapaha River at Alapaha, 226.60 ft
3.60 feet above the 223.0 ft flood stage; moderate flooding by today’s categories.
Most recent moderate or major crest
April 4, 2009
Alapaha River at Alapaha, 226.23 ft
Moderate flooding.
| Apr 30, 1928 | Alapaha River at Alapaha | 226.60 | +3.60 |
| Apr 4, 2009 | Alapaha River at Alapaha | 226.23 | +3.23 |
| Apr 4, 1948 | Alapaha River at Alapaha | 225.40 | +2.40 |
| Mar 9, 2020 | Alapaha River at Alapaha | 225.23 | +2.23 |
| Feb 28, 2013 | Alapaha River at Alapaha | 224.57 | +1.57 |
| Jan 18, 1993 | Alapaha River at Alapaha | 224.40 | +1.40 |
| Apr 1, 2005 | Alapaha River at Alapaha | 224.26 | +1.26 |
| Feb 12, 1986 | Alapaha River at Alapaha | 224.05 | +1.05 |
| Mar 8, 1966 | Alapaha River at Alapaha | 223.99 | +0.99 |
| Mar 3, 1939 | Alapaha River at Alapaha | 223.90 | +0.90 |
| Mar 5, 1991 | Alapaha River at Alapaha | 223.62 | +0.62 |
| Jan 25, 2010 | Alapaha River at Alapaha | 223.61 | +0.61 |
| Apr 23, 1944 | Alapaha River at Alapaha | 223.60 | +0.60 |
| Mar 8, 1964 | Alapaha River at Alapaha | 223.50 | +0.50 |
| Apr 5, 1970 | Alapaha River at Alapaha | 223.48 | +0.48 |
| Jan 26, 2017 | Alapaha River at Alapaha | 223.41 | +0.41 |
| Apr 18, 1961 | Alapaha River at Alapaha | 223.30 | +0.30 |
| Apr 20, 1975 | Alapaha River at Alapaha | 223.13 | +0.13 |
| Dec 7, 2018 | Alapaha River at Alapaha | 223.13 | +0.13 |
| Apr 5, 1973 | Alapaha River at Alapaha | 222.87 | −0.13 |
| Mar 9, 1971 | Alapaha River at Alapaha | 222.80 | −0.20 |
| Feb 20, 1965 | Alapaha River at Alapaha | 222.40 | −0.60 |
| Apr 21, 1947 | Alapaha River at Alapaha | 222.30 | −0.70 |
| Mar 11, 1984 | Alapaha River at Alapaha | 222.29 | −0.71 |
| Dec 26, 2014 | Alapaha River at Alapaha | 222.04 | −0.96 |
River gauges
| Alapaha River at Alapaha | 223.0 | 226.60 ft | 0 |
- Crests are the highest and the recent crests the National Weather Service lists for each river gauge in the county that has a flood stage, not every flood. Flood categories use each gauge's current flood stages; crests from before levees, dams or channel changes may not be comparable. Crests measured on an old datum are left out of the rankings.
NOAA National Water Prediction Service gauge records, retrieved October 30, 2026.
Drought
In severe drought or worse for 104 of 1,581 months since 1895 (7%); the longest spell lasted 21 months.
104
Months in severe drought or worse since 1895
26
Months in extreme drought
7%
Share of all months, severe or worse
38
Drought reports to the Weather Service since 1996
Lowest reading
June 2007
−5.25, extreme drought
Longest severe spell
21 months
July 1954 to March 1956.
Latest month
September 2026
−2.22, moderate drought
Last severe month: April 2026.
- The Palmer Drought Severity Index is computed by NOAA each month from the county's average temperature and precipitation, relative to the county's own climate. Zero is normal; -3 or lower is severe drought and -4 or lower extreme drought. It describes the long-term balance of moisture, not water supply or crop losses.
NOAA NCEI nClimDiv county Palmer Drought Severity Index, 1895 to September 2026, issued October 6, 2026.
Earthquakes
No earthquake of magnitude 2.5 or more is recorded within 50 miles of the county in the USGS catalogue, which begins in 1900.
Severe weather and other events
299 events in the National Weather Service record, 266 of them since 1996.
19
Hail reports, 1 inch or larger
1
Hail, 2 inches or larger
146
Damaging gusts, 58 mph+
4
Winter weather events since 1996
4
Heat events since 1996
2
Cold events since 1996
Largest hail
March 30, 1992
2.00 inches
Strongest measured or estimated gust
August 25, 2023
75 mph
More event types since 1996
| Lightning | 3 | 0 |
Costliest events since 1996
- Sep 26, 2024Hurricane (Typhoon), Berrien$100 million
National Weather Service narrative
Colquitt Electric reported 1000 broken power poles in their service area, mostly in Lowndes and Berrien Counties.
- Aug 30, 2023Tropical Storm, Berrien$5.0 million
National Weather Service narrative
Approximately 3871 residents, or 84% lost power due to numerous trees and power lines down.
- Sep 10, 2017Tropical Storm, Berrien$1.0 million
National Weather Service narrative
Hurricane Irma brought numerous impacts to the Florida Big Bend, southwest Georgia and southeast Alabama including widespread downed trees and power lines, roads blocked by trees, power outages, and trees on homes. Two people died during the event - one due to a car crash (Liberty County, FL) and another that had a heart attack (Worth County, GA). Two indirect deaths occurred due to carbon monoxide from a generator (Taylor County, FL). While many counties across the Florida Big Bend and southwest Georgia were impacted, the greatest impacts were across the eastern portion of the area near the I-75 corridor. There were over 6.5 million customers without power in Florida, over…
- Jan 22, 2017Tornado$500,000
National Weather Service narrative
The EF3 tornado from northeast Brooks and Cook counties progressed into Berrien County where it completely removed the second story of a wood frame home on South Coffee Road. Just up the road, a well-strapped double wide home was completely removed and tossed into nearby trees and hedges. The last of the EF3 damage occurred on Old Lois Road where most of the roof of a brick home was removed. An add-on room on the back of the home was flattened by a massive live oak tree crushing two occupants to death in their bed. The tornado continued past Old Valdosta Road stripping bark from several trees in the area and then produced EF2 damage just past U.S. Route 129 on County Road before…
- Jul 2, 2009Thunderstorm Wind$300,000
National Weather Service narrative
Straight line winds toppled numerous trees and power lines from Nashville east to State Highway 135. Two homes were set ablaze due to downed power lines. Trees fell on several homes and vehicles in Nashville.
- May 27, 2024Thunderstorm Wind$100,000
National Weather Service narrative
Damage to homes, vehicles, barns, chicken houses, and crops occurred across northern Berrien county. Trees were blown down on cars and homes with power lines down as well.
- Oct 10, 2018Tropical Storm, Berrien$100,000
National Weather Service narrative
Hurricane Michael started as typical weak October Caribbean tropical system. However, after approximately a week of slow development, the system moved into warm Gulf of Mexico waters and rapidly intensified into a major hurricane as it moved north towards the Florida Panhandle. After a 2-day long intensification period over the eastern Gulf, Michael made landfall as an unprecedented (for the region) high-end category 4 hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale in the Florida Panhandle with maximum sustained wind speed of 155 mph and a minimum pressure 919 mb. Based on wind, Michael is the fourth most powerful hurricane to hit the United States, behind the Labor Day…
- Jul 9, 2005Hurricane (Typhoon), Berrien$100,000
National Weather Service narrative
Hurricane Dennis came ashore along the central Gulf coast on July 10. The lowest sea-level pressure and peak wind gust recorded were 1007.5 mb and 42 mph, respectively, at Albany, GA. Heavy rainfall commenced July 10, and persisted into the early morning hours of July 11. A nearly stationary feeder band from the eastern Florida Panhandle into southwest Georgia produced four to eight inches, with isolated amounts up to a foot. In Colquitt County, flash flooding along the Okapilco Creek in Moultrie damaged many homes, washed out roads, and forced the evacuation of 100 homes. Heavy rains in the upper Flint River basin generated high flows which reached as far south as Bainbridge, GA.…
- Sep 26, 2004Tropical Storm, Berrien$75,000
National Weather Service narrative
Tropical Storm Jeanne moved north across south central Georgia during the early morning hours of September 27. Maximum sustained winds up to 40 knots with peak gusts to 50 knots were reported. The lowest sea-level pressure was 987.8 mb at Valdosta, GA. Rainfall totals varied from an inch at Albany, GA to nine inches at Tifton, GA. Widespread areal flooding was reported over portions of south central Georgia. In Lowndes County, high water forced 700 residents of a Valdosta subdivision to evacuate. The Withlacoochee River near Valdosta rose above flood stage. Many county and dirt roads were washed out. Schools and local businesses were closed on September 27. There were numerous…
- Sep 6, 2000Flash Flood$75,000
National Weather Service narrative
Flood waters closed several county roads. Reported by the Berrien County EMA.
- Storm Events records before 1996 cover only tornadoes, thunderstorm wind and hail. Damage figures are as reported by the National Weather Service at the time, not adjusted for inflation.
NOAA NCEI Storm Events Database, 1950 to 2026, issued October 26, 2026.
Weather records
From Tifton, 19.8 miles from the county’s population centre, with records from 1911.
- All-time high
- 106°FSep 5, 1925
- All-time low
- 0°F2 times, most recently Jan 22, 1985
- Warmest night
- 80°FJun 29, 1931
- Coldest day
- 22°F2 times, most recently Dec 24, 1989
- Wettest day
- 9.01 inAug 8, 2012
- Snowiest day
- 5.0 inJan 21, 2025
- Hottest year
- 1990mean 68.9°F
- Coldest year
- 1966mean 63.7°F
- Wettest year
- 196468.82 in
- Driest year
- 195423.25 in
- Snowiest season
- 5.0 in2024-25
86 of 89 winters had no measurable snow.
Station Tifton (USC00098703), 380 ft elevation, 19.8 miles from the population centre. Daily records from 1911 to September 30, 2026; 94.6% of days in the last 30 years are complete. Records at a single station can differ from a city’s official threaded record, which may combine several stations.
NOAA NCEI Global Historical Climatology Network Daily.
Federal disaster declarations
20 since 1953. The most recent: Hurricane Helene, September 30, 2024.
| Sep 30, 2024 | Hurricane | DR-4830-GA |
| Sep 26, 2024 | Tropical Storm | EM-3616-GA |
| Sep 24, 2024 | Tropical Storm | DR-4821-GA |
| Aug 5, 2024 | Tropical Storm | EM-3607-GA |
| Sep 7, 2023 | Hurricane | DR-4738-GA |
| Mar 29, 2020 | Biological | DR-4501-GA |
| Mar 13, 2020 | Biological | EM-3464-GA |
| Oct 14, 2018 | Hurricane | DR-4400-GA |
| Oct 10, 2018 | Hurricane | EM-3406-GA |
| Sep 15, 2017 | Hurricane | DR-4338-GA |
| Sep 8, 2017 | Hurricane | EM-3387-GA |
| Jan 26, 2017 | Tornado | DR-4297-GA |
| Apr 23, 2009 | Severe Storm | DR-1833-GA |
| Sep 5, 2005 | Hurricane | EM-3218-GA |
| Sep 24, 2004 | Hurricane | DR-1560-GA |
| Mar 11, 1998 | Severe Storm | DR-1209-GA |
| Mar 15, 1993 | Snowstorm | EM-3097-GA |
| Mar 15, 1991 | Flood | DR-897-GA |
| Jul 20, 1977 | Drought | EM-3044-GA |
| Apr 5, 1974 | Tornado | DR-425-GA |
This product uses the Federal Emergency Management Agency's OpenFEMA API, but is not endorsed by FEMA. The Federal Government or FEMA cannot vouch for the data or analyses derived from these data after the data have been retrieved from the Agency's website(s).
OpenFEMA Disaster Declarations Summaries, retrieved October 30, 2026. Statewide declarations are not listed.
How this compares
Where Berrien County stands among 159 counties in Georgia and 3,143 in the United States.
| Tornadoes since 1950 | 14 | 68 / 159 |
| Tornadoes rated F3/EF3 or stronger | 2 | 25 / 159 |
| Tropical cyclones within 50 mi | 57 | 25 / 159 |
| Hurricane-strength passes within 50 mi | 8 | 27 / 159 |
| Wildfire acres since 1984 | 582 | 52 / 159 |
| Flood insurance claims | 8 | 97 / 159 |
| Flood insurance paid | $156,000 | 90 / 159 |
| Disaster declarations | 20 | 31 / 159 |
| Flood events since 1996 | 27 | 49 / 159 |
| Hail and wind events since 1996 | 173 | 65 / 159 |
| Winter storm events since 1996 | 4 | 139 / 159 |
| Reported damage since 1996 | $108 million | 14 / 159 |
| River crests at major flood stage | 0 | — |
| High tide flooding days a year, last 10 years | 0.0 | — |
| Months in severe drought since 1895 | 104 | 139 / 159 |
| Medium or heavy smoke days a year, last 10 years | 7.5 | 139 / 159 |
| Earthquakes M4+ within 50 mi since 1900 | 0 | — |
| Earthquakes M2.5+ in the county since 1973 | 0 | — |
Neighbouring counties
| Atkinson County | 11 | 63 |
| Coffee County | 29 | 58 |
| Cook County | 21 | 56 |
| Irwin County | 12 | 49 |
| Lanier County | 8 | 59 |
| Lowndes County | 22 | 62 |
| Tift County | 26 | 47 |
Sources and vintage
Every number on this page comes from these public records.
- Tornadoes NOAA Storm Prediction Center severe weather database, through 2025.
- Tropical cyclones NOAA National Hurricane Center HURDAT2 (Atlantic; Northeast and Central Pacific), through 2025.
- Wildfire USGS/USFS Monitoring Trends in Burn Severity, through 2026.
- Storm events NOAA NCEI Storm Events Database, through 2026.
- Flood insurance OpenFEMA NFIP Redacted Claims v3, refreshed August 4, 2026.
- Declarations OpenFEMA Disaster Declarations Summaries v2, retrieved October 30, 2026.
- Weather records NOAA NCEI Global Historical Climatology Network Daily, station USC00098703.
- River crests NOAA National Weather Service, National Water Prediction Service river gauges, retrieved October 30, 2026.
- Drought NOAA NCEI nClimDiv county Palmer Drought Severity Index, through September 2026.
- Smoke NOAA NESDIS Hazard Mapping System smoke analysis, retrieved October 30, 2026.
- Earthquakes USGS ANSS Comprehensive Earthquake Catalog (ComCat), retrieved October 30, 2026.
Joins, thresholds and known limits are set out in the methodology. Found an error? Report it. Page built October 30, 2026.