Kenton County

Population 175,779 (2025) 160 sq mi

Property owners in Kenton County have filed 286 federal flood insurance claims since 1978, 26th most of 120 counties in Kentucky.

Hazard fingerprint for Kenton County Tornado: 86th percentile. Tropical: 0th percentile. Wildfire: 0th percentile. Flood: 96th percentile. Hail & wind: 93th percentile. Heat: 47th percentile. Cold: 22th percentile. Winter: 63th percentile. TORTROPFIREFLOODSEVEREHEATCOLDWINTER

Hazard fingerprint Each spoke is this county’s percentile among U.S. counties where that hazard occurs. How it is computed

2026
  • Tornado damage paths since 195012
  • Tropical cyclone tracks within 100 miles since 1851, wider where stronger3
  • Major flood years since 19783

At a glance

The record for Kenton County in eight numbers. Each links to its section below.

Flood insurance claims

286

26th of 120 in Kentucky

$2.7 million paid since 1978

Details

Tornadoes since 1950

12

45th of 120 in Kentucky

About as many as the typical Kentucky county

Details

Tropical cyclones within 50 mi

1

78th of 120 in Kentucky

None at hurricane strength since 1851

Details

Strongest tornado

EF4

March 2, 2012, 9.8 mile path

Strongest tropical cyclone

TS

Tropical storm (unnamed), 1888, 40.6 miles away

Largest earthquake within 50 mi

5.0magnitude

July 27, 1980, 49.5 miles away

Details

Federal disaster declarations

15

Most recent: Severe Winter Storm, 2026

Details

Record high

104°F

Reached 2 times, most recently July 7, 2012

Details

Tornadoes

About one every 6.3 years since 1950, one of them rated F3/EF3 or stronger.

Strongest

March 2, 2012

EF4, 9.8 mile path

880 yards wide; 4 killed along the whole path.

Most recent

Wednesday, April 8, 2020

EF0, 1.2 mile path

6 years ago.

Tornadoes by decade Doppler radar era² 1950s: 0 1960s: 3 3 1970s: 1 1 1980s: 3 3 1990s: 2 2 2000s: 0 2010s: 2 2 2020s: 1 1 1950s1960s1970s1980s1990s2000s2010s2020s
Recorded tornadoes per decade. The 2020s are incomplete.
Tornadoes by month J: 0 F: 2 M: 1 A: 4 4 M: 1 J: 1 J: 2 A: 0 S: 0 O: 0 N: 1 D: 0 JFMAMJJASOND
By month of occurrence, all years.

Every recorded tornado

Tornadoes in Kenton County since 1950
Apr 8, 2020EF01.210000
Mar 2, 2012EF49.888084
Apr 23, 2011EF10.25000
Jun 4, 1993F00.51000
Apr 9, 1991F13.010000
Jul 26, 1984F08.02700
May 2, 1983F10.52000
Nov 19, 1981F10.55020
Apr 2, 1977F111.63,00000
Feb 15, 1967F10.15000
Feb 15, 1967F10.15000
Jul 9, 1965F10.11000
  1. Injuries and deaths are for the tornado’s whole path, which may extend beyond the county. Deaths recorded within Kenton County: 4.
  2. Weak tornadoes were under-recorded before Doppler radar coverage became national in the early 1990s, so earlier decades read low. Ratings use the Fujita scale before February 2007 and the Enhanced Fujita scale after.

Storm Prediction Center severe weather database, 1950 to 2025.

Hurricanes and tropical storms

1 passed within 50 miles since 1851; none at hurricane strength.

Strongest within 50 miles

August 21, 1888

Unnamed storm, Tropical storm

40.6 miles at closest approach, winds near 52 mph.

Most recent

October 5, 1995

Opal, Post-tropical

53.9 miles at closest approach.

Every storm within 100 miles

Tropical cyclones within 100 miles
Opal199553.9Post-tropical46Category 4
Frederic197989.3Tropical storm40Category 4
Audrey195777.3Tropical storm44Category 3
Unnamed191568.6Post-tropical40Category 4
Unnamed18920.0Post-tropical51Tropical storm
Unnamed188840.6Tropical storm52Category 3
  1. Tropical storms and hurricanes (34 kt or more, still tropical) at closest approach. Post-tropical remnants with gale-force winds are listed but not counted. Direct: track within 50 miles; near: within 100 miles. Distance is measured to the county boundary for counties and to the city centre for cities, using positions interpolated hourly between HURDAT2 fixes.

National Hurricane Center HURDAT2, 1851 to 2025.

Wildfire and smoke

No large wildfire has been mapped here since satellite mapping began in 1984.

Smoke overhead

Smokiest year

2023: 52 days

Heavy smoke on 14 days in 2023, the most of any year.

Last 10 years

16.5 days a year

Medium or heavy smoke, 2016 to 2025.

2025

10 days

Medium or heavy smoke. 37 so far in 2026.

Days with medium or heavy smoke overhead, by year 2011: 5 2012: 6 2013: 3 2014: 6 2015: 7 2016: 2 2017: 5 2018: 6 2019: 11 2020: 14 2021: 34 2022: 14 2023: 52 52 2024: 17 2025: 10 201120122013201420152016201720182019202020212022202320242025
Days each year on which a satellite-traced plume of medium or heavy smoke covered the county’s population centre, 2011 to 2025.
  1. A smoke day is a date on which a smoke plume traced by NOAA Hazard Mapping System analysts from satellite imagery covered this place's point (the county's population centre or the city centre). Counts here are of medium or heavy smoke. Since 2018 analysts have often drawn light smoke as one area over most of the continent, so light-smoke counts are not comparable from year to year. The plumes show smoke anywhere in the air above, not air quality at the ground, and smoke hidden by cloud is missed.

NOAA Hazard Mapping System smoke analysis, 2011 to 2026, retrieved October 30, 2026.

Floods and flood insurance

286 federal flood insurance claims since 1978, with $2.7 million paid.

Federal flood insurance claims by year 1978: 16 1979: 19 1990: 7 1991: 5 1996: 18 1997: 106 106 1998: 8 2011: 10 2018: 30 2025: 32 19781997
Claims per year since 1978. Years with fewer than five claims are not shown.

Most claims in one year

1997: 106 claims

$1.3 million paid.

2nd most

2025: 32 claims

$724,000 paid.

3rd most

2018: 30 claims

$261,000 paid.

Claims by ZIP code

Flood insurance claims by ZIP code
41016122$1.2 million
4101761$379,000
4101546$658,000
4101129$301,000
410147$8,547
410517$26,000
410185$12,000
410635$72,000

Flood events since 1996

  • Flash Flood46
  • Flood35
  • Heavy Rain2

This product uses the Federal Emergency Management Agency's OpenFEMA API, but is not endorsed by FEMA. The Federal Government or FEMA cannot vouch for the data or analyses derived from these data after the data have been retrieved from the Agency's website(s).

OpenFEMA NFIP Redacted Claims v3, refreshed August 4, 2026. NOAA Storm Events through 2026.

Drought

In severe drought or worse for 115 of 1,581 months since 1895 (7%); the longest spell lasted 14 months.

115

Months in severe drought or worse since 1895

55

Months in extreme drought

7%

Share of all months, severe or worse

Lowest reading

March 1931

−6.93, extreme drought

Longest severe spell

14 months

April 1934 to May 1935.

Latest month

September 2026

+2.68, moderately wet

Last severe month: August 2012.

Months in severe drought or worse, by year 1895: 3 1896: 3 1897: 0 1898: 0 1899: 0 1900: 0 1901: 3 1902: 6 1903: 0 1904: 3 1905: 4 1906: 0 1907: 0 1908: 3 1909: 1 1910: 0 1911: 0 1912: 0 1913: 0 1914: 0 1915: 0 1916: 0 1917: 0 1918: 0 1919: 0 1920: 0 1921: 0 1922: 0 1923: 0 1924: 0 1925: 1 1926: 0 1927: 0 1928: 0 1929: 0 1930: 7 1931: 6 1932: 0 1933: 0 1934: 9 1935: 5 1936: 4 1937: 0 1938: 0 1939: 1 1940: 4 1941: 9 1942: 0 1943: 1 1944: 10 10 1945: 1 1946: 0 1947: 0 1948: 0 1949: 0 1950: 0 1951: 0 1952: 0 1953: 4 1954: 7 1955: 0 1956: 0 1957: 0 1958: 0 1959: 0 1960: 0 1961: 0 1962: 0 1963: 2 1964: 5 1965: 0 1966: 0 1967: 0 1968: 0 1969: 0 1970: 0 1971: 0 1972: 0 1973: 0 1974: 0 1975: 0 1976: 0 1977: 0 1978: 0 1979: 0 1980: 0 1981: 0 1982: 0 1983: 0 1984: 0 1985: 0 1986: 0 1987: 2 1988: 4 1989: 0 1990: 0 1991: 0 1992: 0 1993: 0 1994: 0 1995: 0 1996: 0 1997: 0 1998: 0 1999: 4 2000: 0 2001: 0 2002: 0 2003: 0 2004: 0 2005: 0 2006: 0 2007: 2 2008: 0 2009: 0 2010: 0 2011: 0 2012: 1 2013: 0 2014: 0 2015: 0 2016: 0 2017: 0 2018: 0 2019: 0 2020: 0 2021: 0 2022: 0 2023: 0 2024: 0 2025: 0 18951905191519251935194519551965197519851995200520152025
Months each year with a Palmer index of −3 or lower, 1895 to 2025. Twelve means the whole year.
  1. The Palmer Drought Severity Index is computed by NOAA each month from the county's average temperature and precipitation, relative to the county's own climate. Zero is normal; -3 or lower is severe drought and -4 or lower extreme drought. It describes the long-term balance of moisture, not water supply or crop losses.

NOAA NCEI nClimDiv county Palmer Drought Severity Index, 1895 to September 2026, issued October 6, 2026.

Earthquakes and landslides

1 earthquake of magnitude 4 or more within 50 miles since 1900; the largest was magnitude 5.0 in 1980.

0

Magnitude 2.5+ inside the county since 1973

4

Magnitude 3+ within 50 miles since 1973

1

Magnitude 4+ within 50 miles since 1900

1

Magnitude 5+ within 50 miles since 1900

Largest within 50 miles

July 27, 1980

Magnitude 5.0

2 km SW of Sharpsburg, Kentucky; 49.5 miles away, 6.2 miles deep.

Most recent, magnitude 3 or more

December 12, 2021

Magnitude 3.0

2 km E of Manchester, Ohio; 45.8 miles away.

Earthquakes of magnitude 3 or more within 50 miles, by year 1973: 0 1974: 1 1 1975: 0 1976: 0 1977: 0 1978: 0 1979: 0 1980: 1 1981: 0 1982: 0 1983: 0 1984: 0 1985: 0 1986: 0 1987: 0 1988: 0 1989: 1 1990: 0 1991: 0 1992: 0 1993: 0 1994: 0 1995: 0 1996: 0 1997: 0 1998: 0 1999: 0 2000: 0 2001: 0 2002: 0 2003: 0 2004: 0 2005: 0 2006: 0 2007: 0 2008: 0 2009: 0 2010: 0 2011: 0 2012: 0 2013: 0 2014: 0 2015: 0 2016: 0 2017: 0 2018: 0 2019: 0 2020: 0 2021: 1 2022: 0 2023: 0 2024: 0 2025: 0 19731978198319881993199820032008201320182023
Per year, 1973 to 2025.

Every earthquake of magnitude 4 or more within 50 miles

Earthquakes of magnitude 4 or more within 50 miles
Jul 27, 19805.049.56.22 km SW of Sharpsburg, Kentucky
  1. Earthquakes of magnitude 2.5 or more in the USGS Comprehensive Catalog since 1900. Within 50 miles means the epicentre lies within 50 miles of the county boundary (or inside the county).
  2. Small earthquakes were under-recorded before the modern seismic networks of the 1970s and are still missed in remote areas, so early decades read low. Magnitudes are as the catalogue reports them and mix scales (moment, local and body-wave).

USGS ANSS Comprehensive Earthquake Catalog, 1900 to present, retrieved October 30, 2026.

Mapped landslides

183

Landslides mapped, probable or better

43

With a recorded date

2

Source inventories

Mapped by KY GS (175), NASA (8).

  1. Landslides mapped in the USGS compilation of landslide inventories across the United States (version 3.0, 2025), rated probable or better. The compilation joins inventories made by federal and state agencies for different purposes and areas, so the number mapped in a county reflects how closely it has been surveyed as much as how often its slopes fail. An area with few records may simply not have been mapped. Deaths are as recorded in the inventories; a slide listed in two inventories is counted once.

USGS Landslide Inventories across the United States, version 3.0, retrieved October 27, 2026.

Severe weather and other events

401 events in the National Weather Service record, 371 of them since 1996.

26

Hail reports, 1 inch or larger

1

Hail, 2 inches or larger

116

Damaging gusts, 58 mph+

87

Winter weather events since 1996

8

Heat events since 1996

4

Cold events since 1996

Largest hail

April 8, 1998

2.75 inches

Strongest measured or estimated gust

March 2, 2017

85 mph

More event types since 1996

Other Storm Events types since 1996
Lightning101May 15, 1996

Costliest events since 1996

  1. Mar 2, 2012Tornado$20.0 million
    National Weather Service narrative

    The tornado touched down in Grant County at 1623 EST, causing low to mid EF3 damage specifically in the Harvesters Subdivision. This damage occurred at the west end of Barley Circle. Most of the damage in the rest of the subdivision was EF1 to EF2. Based on the damage surveyed, the maximum wind speed of this tornado while in Grant County was estimated at 145 miles per hour. After traveling 1.33 miles on the ground in Grant County, the tornado then crossed into Kenton County at 1624 EST. Immediately as the tornado crossed west to east of Interstate 75, it strengthened to EF4 level. Five single family homes were destroyed down to their foundations in this area, with at least two of…

  2. Sep 14, 2008High Wind, Kenton$18.2 million
    National Weather Service narrative

    Strong winds of 40 to 50 miles per hour were sustained for several hours. Gusts over 60 mph were common. Widespread damage occurred across the region, from trees being blown down on powerlines to significant structural damage.

  3. Jul 1, 1996Flash Flood$1.0 million
    National Weather Service narrative

    Persistent heavy rainfall that began in the evening of June 30th, continued causing flooding of roads and evacuation of homes. Several bridges were destroyed by high water. Around 30 homes were damaged.

  4. Jun 30, 1996Flash Flood$1.0 million
    National Weather Service narrative

    Persistent heavy rainfall caused flooding of roads and evacuation of homes. Several bridges were destroyed by high water. Around 30 homes were damaged.

  5. Jan 6, 1996Winter Storm, Kenton$400,000
    National Weather Service narrative

    The Blizzard of '96 developed near the Gulf Coast and moved up the East Coast. This massive system brought the greatest snowfall from one storm to Greater Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky airport, as well as the greatest 24 hour snowfall. Total snowfall from this storm at the airport was 14.3 inches, while in a typical entire season this location normally receives only 23 inches of snowfall. Many homes and business experienced partial or total roof collapses due to the weight of the snow. Road conditions remained hazardous in some locations for many days. Many people believed that this was the worst winter storm since the Blizzard of '78.

  6. Mar 2, 2017Thunderstorm Wind$200,000
    National Weather Service narrative

    Numerous hardwood and softwood trees were snapped or uprooted. In addition, damage occurred to the roofs of several homes and businesses. Most roof damage consisted of roofing material fully or partially removed. A few barns and outbuildings were completely destroyed. The damage was consistent with wind speeds of 65 to 85 mph. This was the continuation of a damage swath that started in Boone County.

  7. Jun 11, 1998Flash Flood$100,000
    National Weather Service narrative

    Several hours of heavy rainfall caused area creeks and streams to overflow their bank. Numerous roads were closed due to the high water. Bank Lick Creek overflowed its banks flooding an area park and causing significant damage.

  8. Apr 12, 2019Thunderstorm Wind$75,000
    National Weather Service narrative

    Multiple trees were reported snapped. In addition, a garage had its roof removed and had a collapsed wall. Numerous homes received shingle, soffit, fascia and chimney damage. Finally a HVAC compressor was blown on its side.

  9. Jun 16, 1997Flash Flood$50,000
    National Weather Service narrative

    Persistent heavy rainfall caused Banklick Creek to overflow its banks. Pioneer Park was under 3-4 feet of water and 10 homes were evacuated.

  10. May 10, 2003Flash Flood$50,000
    National Weather Service narrative

    A trailer park was flooded and residents were forced to evacuate. Numerous homes sustained basement flooding across the northern half of the county.

  1. Storm Events records before 1996 cover only tornadoes, thunderstorm wind and hail. Damage figures are as reported by the National Weather Service at the time, not adjusted for inflation.

NOAA NCEI Storm Events Database, 1950 to 2026, issued October 26, 2026.

Weather records

From Cincinnati/northern Kentucky I, 7 miles from the county’s population centre, with records from 1948.

All-time high
104°F2 times, most recently Jul 7, 2012
All-time low
−25°FJan 18, 1977
Warmest night
79°FJul 30, 1999
Coldest day
−4°F2 times, most recently Jan 20, 1985
Wettest day
5.21 inMar 9, 1964
Snowiest day
11.8 inFeb 4, 1998
Hottest year
2024mean 57.9°F
Coldest year
1963mean 51.1°F
Wettest year
201173.28 in
Driest year
196327.99 in
Snowiest season
53.9 in1977-78
Average monthly high and low temperature and precipitation, last 30 years, Cincinnati/northern Kentucky I 32°F 39° 23° 3.3 Jan 44° 26° 3.3 Feb 54° 35° 4.2 Mar 66° 44° 4.6 Apr 74° 54° 5.0 May 82° 62° 4.9 Jun 86° 66° 4.2 Jul 85° 65° 3.3 Aug 80° 58° 3.1 Sep 67° 46° 3.4 Oct 54° 35° 3.2 Nov 44° 29° 3.7 Dec Precipitation, inches
Average daily high and low by month, and average monthly precipitation, over the last 30 years.
Nights at or below freezing per year 1976: 137 137 1977: 110 1978: 115 1979: 111 1980: 126 1981: 119 1982: 99 1983: 105 1984: 107 1985: 100 1986: 92 1987: 99 1988: 122 1989: 111 1990: 89 1991: 93 1992: 95 1993: 106 1994: 94 1995: 108 1996: 123 1997: 102 1998: 90 1999: 99 2000: 111 2001: 97 2002: 102 2003: 107 2004: 97 2005: 103 2006: 88 2007: 106 2008: 113 2009: 94 2010: 111 2011: 93 2012: 92 2013: 119 2014: 112 2015: 87 2016: 95 2017: 81 2018: 108 2019: 96 2020: 76 2021: 98 2022: 96 2023: 77 2024: 74 2025: 98 19761986199620062016
Nights at or below freezing each complete year, last 50 years. Thirty-year average: 98.2.
Snowfall by winter 1976: 47.3 in 1977: 53.9 in 53.9 1978: 30.6 in 1979: 30.1 in 1980: 14.0 in 1981: 24.2 in 1982: 6.6 in 1983: 16.6 in 1984: 32.5 in 1985: 19.9 in 1986: 15.9 in 1987: 11.6 in 1988: 8.3 in 1989: 29.1 in 1990: 15.5 in 1991: 13.8 in 1992: 29.5 in 1993: 33.0 in 1994: 27.5 in 1995: 44.6 in 1996: 11.9 in 1997: 31.4 in 1998: 26.4 in 1999: 10.8 in 2000: 17.3 in 2001: 9.1 in 2002: 33.4 in 2003: 23.5 in 2004: 24.3 in 2005: 17.5 in 2006: 17.1 in 2007: 26.2 in 2008: 23.0 in 2009: 38.4 in 2010: 35.2 in 2011: 5.6 in 2012: 25.2 in 2013: 47.5 in 2014: 29.9 in 2015: 19.2 in 2016: 10.0 in 2017: 23.8 in 2018: 21.6 in 2019: 11.2 in 2020: 32.0 in 2021: 13.3 in 2022: 14.4 in 2023: 7.8 in 2024: 29.3 in 2025: 32.6 in 19761986199620062016
Total snowfall each winter (July to June), last 50 winters.

Median first snow

November 21

Earliest: October 19, 1989

Median last snow

March 24

Latest: May 6, 1989

0 of 78 winters had no measurable snow.

Station Cincinnati/northern Kentucky I (USW00093814), 861 ft elevation, 7.0 miles from the population centre. Daily records from 1948 to October 26, 2026; 100.0% of days in the last 30 years are complete. Records at a single station can differ from a city’s official threaded record, which may combine several stations.

NOAA NCEI Global Historical Climatology Network Daily.

Federal disaster declarations

15 since 1953. The most recent: Severe Winter Storm, January 24, 2026.

Federal disaster declarations
Jan 24, 2026Winter StormSevere Winter StormEmergencyEM-3633-KY
Apr 24, 2025Severe StormSevere Storms, Straight-Line Winds, Tornadoes, Flooding, Landslides, and MudslidesMajor disasterDR-4864-KY
Apr 3, 2025Severe StormSevere Storms, Straight-Line Winds, Tornadoes, and FloodingEmergencyEM-3626-KY
Feb 16, 2025Severe StormSevere Storms, Straight-Line Winds, Flooding, and LandslidesEmergencyEM-3624-KY
Mar 28, 2020BiologicalCovid-19 PandemicMajor disasterDR-4497-KY
Mar 13, 2020BiologicalCovid-19EmergencyEM-3469-KY
Apr 26, 2018FloodSevere Storms, Tornadoes, Flooding, Landslides, and MudslidesMajor disasterDR-4361-KY
Mar 6, 2012Severe StormSevere Storms, Tornadoes, Straight-Line Winds and FloodingMajor disasterDR-4057-KY
May 4, 2011Severe StormSevere Storms, Tornadoes, and FloodingMajor disasterDR-1976-KY
Feb 5, 2009Severe Ice StormSevere Winter Storm and FloodingMajor disasterDR-1818-KY
Jan 28, 2009Severe Ice StormSevere Winter StormEmergencyEM-3302-KY
Oct 9, 2008Severe StormSevere Wind Storm Associated With Tropical Depression IkeMajor disasterDR-1802-KY
Sep 10, 2005HurricaneHurricane KatrinaEmergencyEM-3231-KY
Mar 4, 1997Severe StormSevere Storm, Flooding, and TornadoesMajor disasterDR-1163-KY
Jan 13, 1996SnowstormBlizzard of 96Major disasterDR-1089-KY

This product uses the Federal Emergency Management Agency's OpenFEMA API, but is not endorsed by FEMA. The Federal Government or FEMA cannot vouch for the data or analyses derived from these data after the data have been retrieved from the Agency's website(s).

OpenFEMA Disaster Declarations Summaries, retrieved October 30, 2026. Statewide declarations are not listed.

How this compares

Where Kenton County stands among 120 counties in Kentucky and 3,143 in the United States.

Ranks
Tornadoes since 19501245 / 1202,080 / 3,143
Tornadoes rated F3/EF3 or stronger155 / 1201,281 / 3,143
Tropical cyclones within 50 mi178 / 1201,473 / 3,143
Hurricane-strength passes within 50 mi0——
Wildfire acres since 19840——
Flood insurance claims28626 / 120763 / 3,143
Flood insurance paid$2.7 million36 / 1201,023 / 3,143
Disaster declarations15118 / 1202,305 / 3,143
Flood events since 19968338 / 120808 / 3,143
Hail and wind events since 199618563 / 1202,084 / 3,143
Winter storm events since 19968739 / 1201,141 / 3,143
Reported damage since 1996$42.1 million18 / 120949 / 3,143
River crests at major flood stage0——
High tide flooding days a year, last 10 years0.0——
Months in severe drought since 189511585 / 1201,895 / 3,143
Medium or heavy smoke days a year, last 10 years16.511 / 1201,407 / 3,143
Earthquakes M4+ within 50 mi since 1900176 / 1201,397 / 3,143
Earthquakes M2.5+ in the county since 19730——

Neighbouring counties

Neighbouring counties
Boone County161039
Campbell County310450
Grant County8103
Hamilton County OH18001,950
Pendleton County910180

Sources and vintage

Every number on this page comes from these public records.

  • Tornadoes NOAA Storm Prediction Center severe weather database, through 2025.
  • Tropical cyclones NOAA National Hurricane Center HURDAT2 (Atlantic; Northeast and Central Pacific), through 2025.
  • Wildfire USGS/USFS Monitoring Trends in Burn Severity, through 2026.
  • Storm events NOAA NCEI Storm Events Database, through 2026.
  • Flood insurance OpenFEMA NFIP Redacted Claims v3, refreshed August 4, 2026.
  • Declarations OpenFEMA Disaster Declarations Summaries v2, retrieved October 30, 2026.
  • Weather records NOAA NCEI Global Historical Climatology Network Daily, station USW00093814.
  • River crests NOAA National Weather Service, National Water Prediction Service river gauges, retrieved October 30, 2026.
  • Drought NOAA NCEI nClimDiv county Palmer Drought Severity Index, through September 2026.
  • Smoke NOAA NESDIS Hazard Mapping System smoke analysis, retrieved October 30, 2026.
  • Landslides USGS Landslide Inventories across the United States, version 3.0 (2025).
  • Earthquakes USGS ANSS Comprehensive Earthquake Catalog (ComCat), retrieved October 30, 2026.

Joins, thresholds and known limits are set out in the methodology. Found an error? Report it. Page built October 30, 2026.