Lawrence County
Population 15,765 (2025) 416 sq mi
Property owners in Lawrence County have filed 32 federal flood insurance claims since 1978, 66th most of 120 counties in Kentucky.
Hazard fingerprint Each spoke is this county’s percentile among U.S. counties where that hazard occurs. How it is computed
- Tornado damage paths since 19505
- Tropical cyclone tracks within 100 miles since 1851, wider where stronger4
- Wildfire burn scars since 198414
At a glance
The record for Lawrence County in eight numbers. Each links to its section below.
Acres burned since 1984
26,136
13th of 120 in Kentucky
14 large fires; the largest was Unnamed, 1987
DetailsTropical cyclones within 50 mi
4
Most of any of Kentucky’s 120 counties
None at hurricane strength since 1851
DetailsTornadoes since 1950
5
91st of 120 in Kentucky
Fewer than the typical Kentucky county, which has had 10
DetailsStrongest tornado
EF3
March 2, 2012, 85.0 mile path
Strongest tropical cyclone
TS
Tropical storm (unnamed), 1888, 33.9 miles away
Tornadoes
About one every 15 years since 1950, 2 of them rated F3/EF3 or stronger.
Strongest
March 2, 2012
EF3, 85.0 mile path
1,580 yards wide; 10 killed along the whole path.
Most recent
Monday, August 7, 2023
EF1, 6.3 mile path
3 years ago.
Every recorded tornado
| Aug 7, 2023 | EF1 | 6.3 | 0 | 0 |
| Jul 4, 2016 | EF2 | 2.6 | 5 | 0 |
| Jun 9, 2013 | EF0 | 0.5 | 0 | 0 |
| Mar 2, 2012 | EF3 | 85.0 | 118 | 10 |
| Apr 16, 1998 | F3 | 48.0 | 9 | 2 |
- Injuries and deaths are for the tornado’s whole path, which may extend beyond the county. Deaths recorded within Lawrence County: 2.
- Weak tornadoes were under-recorded before Doppler radar coverage became national in the early 1990s, so earlier decades read low. Ratings use the Fujita scale before February 2007 and the Enhanced Fujita scale after.
Storm Prediction Center severe weather database, 1950 to 2025.
Hurricanes and tropical storms
4 passed within 50 miles since 1851; none at hurricane strength.
Strongest within 50 miles
August 21, 1888
Unnamed storm, Tropical storm
33.9 miles at closest approach, winds near 52 mph.
Most recent
October 5, 1995
Opal, Post-tropical
38.4 miles at closest approach.
Every storm within 100 miles
- Tropical storms and hurricanes (34 kt or more, still tropical) at closest approach. Post-tropical remnants with gale-force winds are listed but not counted. Direct: track within 50 miles; near: within 100 miles. Distance is measured to the county boundary for counties and to the city centre for cities, using positions interpolated hourly between HURDAT2 fixes.
National Hurricane Center HURDAT2, 1851 to 2025.
Wildfire and smoke
26,136 acres burned in 14 large fires since 1984, equal to 9.8% of the land.
Largest
November 13, 1987
Unnamed Fire, 38,296 acres
1,735 acres inside Lawrence County.
Most recent
March 29, 2024
Little Laurel Creek Fire
682 acres in total.
Every large fire
| Little Laurel Creek | 2024 | 217 | 682 |
| Milo | 2023 | 572 | 627 |
| 1170 Donithon Road | 2022 | 1,428 | 1,426 |
| Unnamed | 2006 | 618 | 620 |
| Big Laurel | 2005 | 844 | 844 |
| Unnamed | 1999 | 3,372 | 3,370 |
| Unnamed | 1995 | 1,942 | 2,782 |
| Unnamed | 1991 | 87 | 1,909 |
| Unnamed | 1991 | 4,450 | 4,450 |
| Unnamed | 1991 | 912 | 910 |
| Unnamed | 1991 | 564 | 564 |
| Unnamed | 1987 | 1,735 | 38,296 |
| Unnamed | 1987 | 7,183 | 21,557 |
| Unnamed | 1987 | 2,205 | 2,557 |
- Large fires mapped by the Monitoring Trends in Burn Severity program since 1984: 1,000 acres or more in the West, 500 or more in the East. Prescribed burns are excluded. Acres here are the part of each perimeter inside this place.
Monitoring Trends in Burn Severity (USGS and U.S. Forest Service), 1984 to 2026.
Smoke overhead
Smokiest year
2023: 54 days
Heavy smoke on 12 days in 2023, the most of any year.
Last 10 years
13.4 days a year
Medium or heavy smoke, 2016 to 2025.
2025
12 days
Medium or heavy smoke. 32 so far in 2026.
- A smoke day is a date on which a smoke plume traced by NOAA Hazard Mapping System analysts from satellite imagery covered this place's point (the county's population centre or the city centre). Counts here are of medium or heavy smoke. Since 2018 analysts have often drawn light smoke as one area over most of the continent, so light-smoke counts are not comparable from year to year. The plumes show smoke anywhere in the air above, not air quality at the ground, and smoke hidden by cloud is missed.
NOAA Hazard Mapping System smoke analysis, 2011 to 2026, retrieved October 30, 2026.
Floods and flood insurance
32 federal flood insurance claims since 1980, with $468,000 paid.
Most claims in one year
2003: 7 claims
$109,000 paid.
Claims by ZIP code
| 41230 | 27 | $403,000 |
Flood events since 1996
- Flood38
- Flash Flood34
- Heavy Rain11
This product uses the Federal Emergency Management Agency's OpenFEMA API, but is not endorsed by FEMA. The Federal Government or FEMA cannot vouch for the data or analyses derived from these data after the data have been retrieved from the Agency's website(s).
OpenFEMA NFIP Redacted Claims v3, refreshed August 4, 2026. NOAA Storm Events through 2026.
River crests
Most severe crest
March 1, 2021
Blaine Creek near Blaine, 20.55 ft
3.55 feet above the 17.0 ft flood stage; major flooding by today’s categories.
Most recent moderate or major crest
April 4, 2025
Blaine Creek near Blaine, 20.28 ft
Major flooding.
| Mar 1, 2021 | Blaine Creek near Blaine | 20.55 | +3.55 |
| Feb 6, 2025 | Blaine Creek near Blaine | 20.30 | +3.30 |
| Apr 4, 2025 | Blaine Creek near Blaine | 20.28 | +3.28 |
| Apr 4, 2015 | Blaine Creek near Blaine | 19.06 | +2.06 |
| Feb 24, 2019 | Blaine Creek near Blaine | 18.78 | +1.78 |
| Feb 17, 2023 | Blaine Creek near Blaine | 18.60 | +1.60 |
| Feb 16, 2025 | Blaine Creek near Blaine | 18.54 | +1.54 |
| Jan 31, 2025 | Blaine Creek near Blaine | 17.58 | +0.58 |
| Mar 5, 2015 | Blaine Creek near Blaine | 17.49 | +0.49 |
| May 7, 2022 | Blaine Creek near Blaine | 17.23 | +0.23 |
| Dec 23, 2017 | Blaine Creek near Blaine | 16.59 | −0.41 |
| Feb 16, 2015 | Blaine Creek near Blaine | 16.59 | −0.41 |
| Jun 24, 2017 | Blaine Creek near Blaine | 15.59 | −1.41 |
| Jul 7, 2013 | Blaine Creek near Blaine | 15.04 | −1.96 |
| Feb 29, 2012 | Blaine Creek near Blaine | 14.98 | −2.02 |
| May 8, 1958 | Big Sandy River (KY) at Fullers Station | 46.37 | −2.63 |
| Mar 2, 1955 | Big Sandy River (KY) at Fullers Station | 46.36 | −2.64 |
| Feb 28, 1962 | Big Sandy River (KY) at Fullers Station | 45.64 | −3.36 |
| Apr 7, 1977 | Big Sandy River (KY) at Fullers Station | 45.00 | −4.00 |
| Mar 14, 1963 | Big Sandy River (KY) at Fullers Station | 44.70 | −4.30 |
| Mar 3, 2021 | Big Sandy River (KY) at Fullers Station | 44.60 | −4.40 |
| Jan 31, 1957 | Big Sandy River (KY) at Fullers Station | 44.43 | −4.57 |
| Mar 7, 2015 | Big Sandy River (KY) at Fullers Station | 42.73 | −6.27 |
| Mar 4, 1997 | Big Sandy River (KY) at Fullers Station | 39.25 | −9.75 |
| Mar 24, 1952 | Big Sandy River (KY) at Fullers Station | 38.25 | −10.75 |
River gauges
| Big Sandy River (KY) at Fullers Station | 49.0 | 46.37 ft | 0 |
| Blaine Creek near Blaine | 17.0 | 20.55 ft | 3 |
- Crests are the highest and the recent crests the National Weather Service lists for each river gauge in the county that has a flood stage, not every flood. Flood categories use each gauge's current flood stages; crests from before levees, dams or channel changes may not be comparable. Crests measured on an old datum are left out of the rankings.
NOAA National Water Prediction Service gauge records, retrieved October 30, 2026.
Drought
In severe drought or worse for 90 of 1,581 months since 1895 (6%); the longest spell lasted 17 months.
90
Months in severe drought or worse since 1895
28
Months in extreme drought
6%
Share of all months, severe or worse
20
Drought reports to the Weather Service since 1996
Lowest reading
January 1931
−6.48, extreme drought
Longest severe spell
17 months
December 1940 to April 1942.
Latest month
September 2026
−1.19, mild drought
Last severe month: December 2023.
- The Palmer Drought Severity Index is computed by NOAA each month from the county's average temperature and precipitation, relative to the county's own climate. Zero is normal; -3 or lower is severe drought and -4 or lower extreme drought. It describes the long-term balance of moisture, not water supply or crop losses.
NOAA NCEI nClimDiv county Palmer Drought Severity Index, 1895 to September 2026, issued October 6, 2026.
Earthquakes and landslides
3 earthquakes of magnitude 4 or more within 50 miles since 1900; the largest was magnitude 4.6 in 1988.
0
Magnitude 2.5+ inside the county since 1973
12
Magnitude 3+ within 50 miles since 1973
3
Magnitude 4+ within 50 miles since 1900
0
Magnitude 5+ within 50 miles since 1900
Largest within 50 miles
September 6, 1988
Magnitude 4.6
6 km W of Owingsville, Kentucky; 45.2 miles away, 6.2 miles deep.
Most recent, magnitude 3 or more
February 3, 2025
Magnitude 3.1
2 km NNW of Oak Hill, Ohio; 45.1 miles away.
Every earthquake of magnitude 4 or more within 50 miles
| Sep 6, 1988 | 4.4 | 45.1 |
| Sep 6, 1988 | 4.6 | 45.2 |
| May 17, 1901 | 4.2 | 36.7 |
- Earthquakes of magnitude 2.5 or more in the USGS Comprehensive Catalog since 1900. Within 50 miles means the epicentre lies within 50 miles of the county boundary (or inside the county).
- Small earthquakes were under-recorded before the modern seismic networks of the 1970s and are still missed in remote areas, so early decades read low. Magnitudes are as the catalogue reports them and mix scales (moment, local and body-wave).
USGS ANSS Comprehensive Earthquake Catalog, 1900 to present, retrieved October 30, 2026.
Mapped landslides
527
Landslides mapped, probable or better
20
With a recorded date
3
Source inventories
Mapped by KY GS (501), WV GS (25), NASA (1).
- Landslides mapped in the USGS compilation of landslide inventories across the United States (version 3.0, 2025), rated probable or better. The compilation joins inventories made by federal and state agencies for different purposes and areas, so the number mapped in a county reflects how closely it has been surveyed as much as how often its slopes fail. An area with few records may simply not have been mapped. Deaths are as recorded in the inventories; a slide listed in two inventories is counted once.
USGS Landslide Inventories across the United States, version 3.0, retrieved October 27, 2026.
Severe weather and other events
401 events in the National Weather Service record, 385 of them since 1996.
40
Hail reports, 1 inch or larger
4
Hail, 2 inches or larger
74
Damaging gusts, 58 mph+
57
Winter weather events since 1996
20
Heat events since 1996
29
Cold events since 1996
Largest hail
April 29, 2014
3.00 inches
Strongest measured or estimated gust
March 1, 2017
105 mph
Costliest events since 1996
- Mar 2, 2012Tornado$2.0 million
National Weather Service narrative
The long tracked tornado reentered Lawrence County south of Blaine. The track moved near the Left Fork of Little Blaine Creek then across the Levisa Fork around the Chapman vicinity. The tornado exited into Wayne County, West Virginia, just north of Clifford, near the Donithon Branch vicinity.||A double wide mobile home along Spencer Branch was lifted off its cinder block foundation and slammed into the adjacent hillside. Rescue workers extricated 3 people including an elderly couple and a 14 year old girl. The 65 year old grandmother and the 14 year old girl were killed. The 75 year old grandfather was seriously injured but survived. Two other juvenile occupants of the house…
- Mar 1, 1997Flash Flood$1.0 million
- Apr 3, 2015Flash Flood$1.0 million
National Weather Service narrative
Numerous roads were blocked by flooding small streams throughout the county. Several culverts were damaged or washed out, damaging and closing roads. Blaine and Webbville Fire Departments, plus Cherryville Fire and Rescue, responded to individuals in stalled flooded vehicles. A few examples of flooding included Buck Branch, which was blocking 3 D Road and getting around a few houses. Flooding occurred along Georges Creek around Charley. ||Total 24 hour rain amounts reached 2.5 to 4 inches during this flooding.||The county damage assessment was 6 homes destroyed and 8 others with major damage. Another dozen homes and 2 businesses had minor damage. About 8 homes were classified as…
- Jul 4, 2016Tornado$500,000
National Weather Service narrative
The tornado did extensive damage to the Louisa Walmart and the Brown Food Service Warehouse. Cars and shipping containers were overturned and moved up to 30 yards in the Walmart parking lot. Structural damage to the Walmart and the Brown Food Service warehouse occurred. Numerous trees were snapped and uprooted. The tornado crossed the Tug Fork into West Virginia before dissipating.||Maximum wind gusts were estimated at 120 mph. There were 5 minor injuries at the Walmart.
- Jul 18, 2015Flash Flood$450,000
National Weather Service narrative
Many streams in the western portion of the county flooded. Roads were closed. Roads were damaged including culverts. Some examples of the flooded streams included Deans Branch, Cains Creek, Irish Creek, Abb Creek, Cherokee Creek, and Blaine Creek. The gauge on Blaine Creek rose from 4 feet to near 16 feet. Two or 3 homes had moderate to major damage, with over a dozen with minor damage. In a lot of cases, water got under and surrounded mobile homes and into outbuildings.
- Jul 19, 1996Flash Flood$400,000
National Weather Service narrative
Creeks in the Webbville, Needmore, Cherokee region flooded.Some of the creeks left high water marks 8 to 12 feet abovetheir banks. Local residents said it was the worst flashflood there since the early 1950s. Caney Creek, Dry Fork,and Brushy Branch damaged 5 single family homes. About 15familes were evacuated. Cherokee Creek knocked a small wooded church off its foundation. Tobacco crops were damaged. Small bridges across the creeks were damaged ordestroyed.
- Mar 2, 2012Tornado$350,000
National Weather Service narrative
The long track tornado clipped extreme southwestern Lawrence County, for a few miles around Terryville, before crossing briefly into Johnson County. ||Maximum wind gusts were estimated around 140 mph from damage to mobile homes. Two residents were injured in this segment of the tornado.
- Mar 2, 2012Hail$325,000
National Weather Service narrative
A deepening low pressure system was lifting northeast out of central Illinois around midday on Friday, the 2nd. It reached southern Michigan by evening. By late afternoon its associated warm front had pulled north into central Ohio and into central West Virginia near Charleston. This left eastern Kentucky in the warm sector. Surface dew points increased into the upper 50s in eastern Kentucky and into the lower 60s across southern Kentucky during the late afternoon, ahead of the approaching cold front. ||Severe thunderstorms, including distinct supercells, moved into eastern Kentucky just before sunset. One of those supercells produced an unusually long lived tornado that moved…
- Feb 15, 2003Flood, Lawrence$300,000
National Weather Service narrative
Three day rain totals, beginning on the 14th, totaled 4 to 6 inches. Louisa had 5.5 inches of rain, while Ashland measured 4.9 inches. Other cooperative measurements included 4.7 inches at Charley, 4.5 inches at Grayson Lake, and 4.1 inches at the Greenup Lock and Dam. Small stream and river flooding resulted. Some roads were covered by 15 feet of water. The Little Fork flooded areas around Hitchins and Willard in Carter County. Four mobile homes and 1 single family home were destroyed in Greenup County. Three homes were affected in Lawrence County. The East Fork of the Little Sandy overflowed in Boyd County. The crest on the Little Sandy River at Grayson was 24.7 feet around…
- Mar 20, 2002Flood, Lawrence$300,000
National Weather Service narrative
Light rain moved into northeast Kentucky during the predawn hours of the 19th. Light to moderate rainfall fell during the 19th, as a warm front tired to lift north from the Tennessee Valley. The heaviest rains occurred from 0100 to 0800E on the 20th, ahead of the low pressure wave on the strong frontal boundary. Rains then diminished during the morning of the 20th. Rain totals from the 30 hour event were 2.5 to 4.5 inches, with roughly 60% of the total occurring in about 6 hours on the 20th. The axis of the heaviest rain was generally along the Interstate 64 corridor, from Olive Hill to Ashland. Rain totals included 4.5 inches from Ashland, 4.3 inches from Carter Caves, 4.2 inches…
- Storm Events records before 1996 cover only tornadoes, thunderstorm wind and hail. Damage figures are as reported by the National Weather Service at the time, not adjusted for inflation.
NOAA NCEI Storm Events Database, 1950 to 2026, issued October 26, 2026.
Weather records
From Huntington Tri-state Airport, 20.7 miles from the county’s population centre, with records from 1961.
- All-time high
- 104°FJul 7, 2012
- All-time low
- −21°FJan 19, 1994
- Warmest night
- 78°F4 times, most recently Jul 27, 2023
- Coldest day
- 3°FJan 8, 1970
- Wettest day
- 3.89 inSep 17, 2004
- Snowiest day
- 21.1 inMar 13, 1993
- Hottest year
- 2024mean 60.2°F
- Coldest year
- 1963mean 53.3°F
- Wettest year
- 201162.44 in
- Driest year
- 196329.99 in
- Snowiest season
- 55.7 in1977-78
Median first snow
November 30
Earliest: October 19, 1972
Median last snow
March 20
Latest: May 7, 1989
0 of 63 winters had no measurable snow.
Station Huntington Tri-state Airport (USW00003860), 824 ft elevation, 20.7 miles from the population centre. Daily records from 1961 to October 26, 2026; 99.9% of days in the last 30 years are complete. Records at a single station can differ from a city’s official threaded record, which may combine several stations.
NOAA NCEI Global Historical Climatology Network Daily.
Federal disaster declarations
49 since 1953. The most recent: Severe Winter Storm, January 24, 2026.
| Jan 24, 2026 | Winter Storm | EM-3633-KY |
| Apr 24, 2025 | Severe Storm | DR-4864-KY |
| Apr 3, 2025 | Severe Storm | EM-3626-KY |
| Feb 24, 2025 | Severe Storm | DR-4860-KY |
| Feb 16, 2025 | Severe Storm | EM-3624-KY |
| Nov 26, 2024 | Tropical Storm | DR-4848-KY |
| May 9, 2023 | Flood | DR-4711-KY |
| Feb 27, 2022 | Severe Storm | DR-4643-KY |
| Apr 23, 2021 | Flood | DR-4595-KY |
| Mar 31, 2021 | Severe Ice Storm | DR-4592-KY |
| Apr 24, 2020 | Severe Storm | DR-4540-KY |
| Mar 28, 2020 | Biological | DR-4497-KY |
| Mar 13, 2020 | Biological | EM-3469-KY |
| Apr 17, 2019 | Severe Storm | DR-4428-KY |
| Apr 26, 2018 | Flood | DR-4361-KY |
| Apr 12, 2018 | Flood | DR-4358-KY |
| Aug 12, 2015 | Severe Storm | DR-4239-KY |
| May 12, 2015 | Flood | DR-4218-KY |
| May 1, 2015 | Flood | DR-4217-KY |
| Apr 30, 2015 | Snowstorm | DR-4216-KY |
| Mar 6, 2012 | Severe Storm | DR-4057-KY |
| May 4, 2011 | Severe Storm | DR-1976-KY |
| May 29, 2009 | Severe Storm | DR-1841-KY |
| Feb 5, 2009 | Severe Ice Storm | DR-1818-KY |
| Jan 28, 2009 | Severe Ice Storm | EM-3302-KY |
| May 25, 2007 | Severe Storm | DR-1703-KY |
| Sep 10, 2005 | Hurricane | EM-3231-KY |
| Jun 10, 2004 | Severe Storm | DR-1523-KY |
| Jul 2, 2003 | Severe Storm | DR-1475-KY |
| Jun 3, 2003 | Severe Storm | DR-1471-KY |
| Mar 14, 2003 | Severe Storm | DR-1454-KY |
| Apr 4, 2002 | Severe Storm | DR-1407-KY |
| Nov 2, 2001 | Fire | FM-2386-KY |
| Aug 15, 2001 | Severe Storm | DR-1388-KY |
| Nov 4, 2000 | Fire | FM-2350-KY |
| Feb 28, 2000 | Severe Storm | DR-1320-KY |
| Apr 29, 1998 | Severe Storm | DR-1216-KY |
| Mar 3, 1998 | Severe Storm | DR-1207-KY |
| Mar 4, 1997 | Severe Storm | DR-1163-KY |
| Jan 13, 1996 | Snowstorm | DR-1089-KY |
| Jun 13, 1995 | Tornado | DR-1055-KY |
| Mar 16, 1994 | Snowstorm | DR-1018-KY |
| Mar 16, 1993 | Snowstorm | EM-3104-KY |
| Jan 29, 1991 | Flood | DR-893-KY |
| Feb 24, 1989 | Flood | DR-821-KY |
| May 15, 1984 | Severe Storm | DR-705-KY |
| Dec 12, 1978 | Flood | DR-568-KY |
| Apr 6, 1977 | Flood | DR-529-KY |
| Mar 27, 1967 | Flood | DR-226-KY |
This product uses the Federal Emergency Management Agency's OpenFEMA API, but is not endorsed by FEMA. The Federal Government or FEMA cannot vouch for the data or analyses derived from these data after the data have been retrieved from the Agency's website(s).
OpenFEMA Disaster Declarations Summaries, retrieved October 30, 2026. Statewide declarations are not listed.
How this compares
Where Lawrence County stands among 120 counties in Kentucky and 3,143 in the United States.
| Tornadoes since 1950 | 5 | 91 / 120 |
| Tornadoes rated F3/EF3 or stronger | 2 | 31 / 120 |
| Tropical cyclones within 50 mi | 4 | 1 / 120 |
| Hurricane-strength passes within 50 mi | 0 | — |
| Wildfire acres since 1984 | 26,136 | 13 / 120 |
| Flood insurance claims | 32 | 66 / 120 |
| Flood insurance paid | $468,000 | 77 / 120 |
| Disaster declarations | 49 | 1 / 120 |
| Flood events since 1996 | 83 | 38 / 120 |
| Hail and wind events since 1996 | 171 | 72 / 120 |
| Winter storm events since 1996 | 57 | 65 / 120 |
| Reported damage since 1996 | $10.0 million | 51 / 120 |
| River crests at major flood stage | 3 | 34 / 120 |
| High tide flooding days a year, last 10 years | 0.0 | — |
| Months in severe drought since 1895 | 90 | 102 / 120 |
| Medium or heavy smoke days a year, last 10 years | 13.4 | 96 / 120 |
| Earthquakes M4+ within 50 mi since 1900 | 3 | 50 / 120 |
| Earthquakes M2.5+ in the county since 1973 | 0 | — |
Neighbouring counties
| Boyd County | 5 | 4 |
| Carter County | 3 | 3 |
| Elliott County | 1 | 3 |
| Johnson County | 4 | 4 |
| Martin County | 1 | 3 |
| Morgan County | 5 | 3 |
| Wayne County WV | 6 | 4 |
Sources and vintage
Every number on this page comes from these public records.
- Tornadoes NOAA Storm Prediction Center severe weather database, through 2025.
- Tropical cyclones NOAA National Hurricane Center HURDAT2 (Atlantic; Northeast and Central Pacific), through 2025.
- Wildfire USGS/USFS Monitoring Trends in Burn Severity, through 2026.
- Storm events NOAA NCEI Storm Events Database, through 2026.
- Flood insurance OpenFEMA NFIP Redacted Claims v3, refreshed August 4, 2026.
- Declarations OpenFEMA Disaster Declarations Summaries v2, retrieved October 30, 2026.
- Weather records NOAA NCEI Global Historical Climatology Network Daily, station USW00003860.
- River crests NOAA National Weather Service, National Water Prediction Service river gauges, retrieved October 30, 2026.
- Drought NOAA NCEI nClimDiv county Palmer Drought Severity Index, through September 2026.
- Smoke NOAA NESDIS Hazard Mapping System smoke analysis, retrieved October 30, 2026.
- Landslides USGS Landslide Inventories across the United States, version 3.0 (2025).
- Earthquakes USGS ANSS Comprehensive Earthquake Catalog (ComCat), retrieved October 30, 2026.
Joins, thresholds and known limits are set out in the methodology. Found an error? Report it. Page built October 30, 2026.