Stanley County

Population 3,018 (2025) 1,444 sq mi

Large wildfires have burned 18,783 acres of Stanley County since 1984, 14th most of 66 counties in South Dakota; the largest was the Houck Ranch Fire in 2000.

Hazard fingerprint for Stanley County Tornado: 23th percentile. Tropical: 0th percentile. Wildfire: 47th percentile. Flood: 41th percentile. Hail & wind: 30th percentile. Heat: 62th percentile. Cold: 72th percentile. Winter: 65th percentile. TORTROPFIREFLOODSEVEREHEATCOLDWINTER

Hazard fingerprint Each spoke is this county’s percentile among U.S. counties where that hazard occurs. How it is computed

2026
  • Tornado damage paths since 195023
  • Wildfire burn scars since 19845
  • Major flood years since 19781

At a glance

The record for Stanley County in eight numbers. Each links to its section below.

Acres burned since 1984

18,783

14th of 66 in South Dakota

5 large fires; the largest was Houck Ranch, 2000

Details

Flood insurance claims

117

10th of 66 in South Dakota

$2.6 million paid since 1982

Details

Tornadoes since 1950

23

43rd of 66 in South Dakota

Fewer than the typical South Dakota county, which has had 29

Details

Strongest tornado

F2

August 24, 1960, 13.6 mile path

Federal disaster declarations

15

Most recent: Severe Storms, Straight-Line Winds, Tornadoes, and Flooding, 2026

Details

Record high

117°F

July 15, 2006

Details

Record low

−35°F

February 9, 1994

Details

Snowiest season

82.0in

Winter of 1951-52

Tornadoes

About one every 3.3 years since 1950, none rated F3/EF3 or stronger.

Strongest

August 24, 1960

F2, 13.6 mile path

200 yards wide.

Most recent

Tuesday, July 18, 2023

EF0, 0.1 mile path

3 years ago.

Tornadoes by decade Doppler radar era² 1950s: 0 1960s: 8 8 1970s: 4 4 1980s: 4 4 1990s: 2 2 2000s: 4 4 2010s: 0 2020s: 1 1 1950s1960s1970s1980s1990s2000s2010s2020s
Recorded tornadoes per decade. The 2020s are incomplete.
Tornadoes by month J: 0 F: 0 M: 0 A: 0 M: 4 J: 9 9 J: 5 A: 3 S: 2 O: 0 N: 0 D: 0 JFMAMJJASOND
By month of occurrence, all years.

Every recorded tornado

Tornadoes in Stanley County since 1950
Jul 18, 2023EF00.11000
Jun 15, 2009EF00.75000
Jun 15, 2009EF00.45000
Jun 15, 2009EF01.05000
Jun 10, 2004F11.040000
Jul 6, 1994F00.11000
Jun 7, 1994F010.01000
Sep 24, 1986F10.14000
Jul 21, 1982F00.11000
Jul 20, 1982F00.11000
Sep 25, 1981F00.11000
May 7, 1975F10.11000
May 19, 1974F25.61000
Aug 14, 1973F11.020000
Jul 8, 1973F00.910000
Aug 8, 1969F10.11030
Jun 20, 1968F20.11000
May 8, 1965F00.11000
Jun 8, 1964F00.11000
Jun 8, 1964F00.11000
May 2, 1964F00.11000
Jun 20, 1962F00.11000
Aug 24, 1960F213.620010
  1. Injuries and deaths are for the tornado’s whole path, which may extend beyond the county. Deaths recorded within Stanley County: 0.
  2. Weak tornadoes were under-recorded before Doppler radar coverage became national in the early 1990s, so earlier decades read low. Ratings use the Fujita scale before February 2007 and the Enhanced Fujita scale after.

Storm Prediction Center severe weather database, 1950 to 2025.

Hurricanes and tropical storms

No tropical storm or hurricane has tracked within 100 miles since records began in 1851.

Wildfire and smoke

18,783 acres burned in 5 large fires since 1984, equal to 2.0% of the land.

Largest

September 17, 2000

Houck Ranch Fire, 8,743 acres

8,746 acres inside Stanley County.

Most recent

July 16, 2006

Thompson Complex

3,229 acres in total.

Acres burned since 1984, cumulative 2000: 13,3742001: 3682006: 5,042 18,783 acres 198519901995200020052010201520202025
Running total of acres burned inside the county (line) and each year’s acres (bars).

Every large fire

Large wildfires since 1984
Thompson Complex20063,2293,229
Ft Pierre Complex20061,8121,810
Van Metre20013681,336
Houck Ranch20008,7468,743
Hayes20004,6274,626
  1. Large fires mapped by the Monitoring Trends in Burn Severity program since 1984: 1,000 acres or more in the West, 500 or more in the East. Prescribed burns are excluded. Acres here are the part of each perimeter inside this place.

Monitoring Trends in Burn Severity (USGS and U.S. Forest Service), 1984 to 2026.

Smoke overhead

Smokiest year

2021: 61 days

Heavy smoke on 36 days in 2021, the most of any year.

Last 10 years

30.8 days a year

Medium or heavy smoke, 2016 to 2025.

2025

23 days

Medium or heavy smoke. 38 so far in 2026.

Days with medium or heavy smoke overhead, by year 2011: 9 2012: 32 2013: 17 2014: 12 2015: 20 2016: 10 2017: 19 2018: 31 2019: 11 2020: 26 2021: 61 61 2022: 23 2023: 56 2024: 48 2025: 23 201120122013201420152016201720182019202020212022202320242025
Days each year on which a satellite-traced plume of medium or heavy smoke covered the county’s population centre, 2011 to 2025.
  1. A smoke day is a date on which a smoke plume traced by NOAA Hazard Mapping System analysts from satellite imagery covered this place's point (the county's population centre or the city centre). Counts here are of medium or heavy smoke. Since 2018 analysts have often drawn light smoke as one area over most of the continent, so light-smoke counts are not comparable from year to year. The plumes show smoke anywhere in the air above, not air quality at the ground, and smoke hidden by cloud is missed.

NOAA Hazard Mapping System smoke analysis, 2011 to 2026, retrieved October 30, 2026.

Floods and flood insurance

117 federal flood insurance claims since 1982, with $2.6 million paid.

Federal flood insurance claims by year 1997: 8 2011: 103 103 1997
Claims per year since 1982. Years with fewer than five claims are not shown.

Most claims in one year

2011: 103 claims

$2.5 million paid.

2nd most

1997: 8 claims

$7,466 paid.

Claims by ZIP code

Flood insurance claims by ZIP code
57532117$2.6 million

Flood events since 1996

  • Flood25
  • Flash Flood10

This product uses the Federal Emergency Management Agency's OpenFEMA API, but is not endorsed by FEMA. The Federal Government or FEMA cannot vouch for the data or analyses derived from these data after the data have been retrieved from the Agency's website(s).

OpenFEMA NFIP Redacted Claims v3, refreshed August 4, 2026. NOAA Storm Events through 2026.

River crests

Most severe crest

July 3, 1905

Bad River (SD) near Fort Pierre, 32.90 ft

11.90 feet above the 21.0 ft flood stage; major flooding by today’s categories.

Most recent moderate or major crest

June 21, 2011

Bad River (SD) near Fort Pierre, 27.53 ft

Major flooding.

Highest river crests above flood stage
Jul 3, 1905Bad River (SD) near Fort Pierre32.90+11.90Major
Apr 1, 1927Bad River (SD) near Fort Pierre30.89+9.89Major
Aug 1, 1915Bad River (SD) near Fort Pierre29.60+8.60Major
Jun 18, 1967Bad River (SD) near Fort Pierre29.55+8.55Major
May 1, 1942Bad River (SD) near Fort Pierre27.80+6.80Major
Jun 21, 2011Bad River (SD) near Fort Pierre27.53+6.53Major
Jun 15, 1920Bad River (SD) near Fort Pierre27.40+6.40Major
Apr 7, 1952Bad River (SD) near Fort Pierre27.03+6.03Major
May 27, 1996Bad River (SD) near Fort Pierre26.10+5.10Moderate
Mar 20, 1978Bad River (SD) near Fort Pierre25.52+4.52Moderate
Jun 4, 1984Bad River (SD) near Fort Pierre25.47+4.47Moderate
May 9, 1986Bad River (SD) near Fort Pierre24.64+3.64Minor
Mar 21, 1987Bad River (SD) near Fort Pierre24.38+3.38Minor
May 14, 1982Bad River (SD) near Fort Pierre24.05+3.05Minor
May 9, 1995Bad River (SD) near Fort Pierre23.61+2.61Minor
Mar 25, 2019Bad River (SD) near Fort Pierre23.42+2.42Minor
Apr 2, 1950Bad River (SD) near Fort Pierre23.40+2.40Minor
Mar 27, 1960Bad River (SD) near Fort Pierre23.36+2.36Minor
Jun 11, 1954Bad River (SD) near Fort Pierre23.35+2.35Minor
Mar 4, 1994Bad River (SD) near Fort Pierre22.58+1.58Minor
Sep 3, 1999Bad River (SD) near Fort Pierre22.44+1.44Minor
Jun 22, 1964Bad River (SD) near Fort Pierre22.12+1.12Minor
Mar 14, 2001Bad River (SD) near Fort Pierre21.95+0.95Minor
May 17, 1961Bad River (SD) near Fort Pierre21.93+0.93Minor
Jun 13, 1937Bad River (SD) near Fort Pierre21.85+0.85Minor

River gauges

River gauges and their highest listed crests
Bad River (SD) near Fort Pierre21.032.90 ftJul 3, 19058
  1. Crests are the highest and the recent crests the National Weather Service lists for each river gauge in the county that has a flood stage, not every flood. Flood categories use each gauge's current flood stages; crests from before levees, dams or channel changes may not be comparable. Crests measured on an old datum are left out of the rankings.

NOAA National Water Prediction Service gauge records, retrieved October 30, 2026.

Drought

In severe drought or worse for 122 of 1,581 months since 1895 (8%); the longest spell lasted 13 months.

122

Months in severe drought or worse since 1895

43

Months in extreme drought

8%

Share of all months, severe or worse

49

Drought reports to the Weather Service since 1996

Lowest reading

September 1936

−6.99, extreme drought

Longest severe spell

13 months

May 1936 to May 1937.

Latest month

September 2026

−0.72, incipient dry spell

Last severe month: July 2021.

Months in severe drought or worse, by year 1895: 0 1896: 0 1897: 0 1898: 0 1899: 0 1900: 0 1901: 0 1902: 0 1903: 0 1904: 3 1905: 0 1906: 0 1907: 0 1908: 0 1909: 0 1910: 2 1911: 6 1912: 1 1913: 0 1914: 0 1915: 0 1916: 0 1917: 0 1918: 0 1919: 0 1920: 0 1921: 0 1922: 0 1923: 0 1924: 0 1925: 1 1926: 3 1927: 0 1928: 0 1929: 0 1930: 0 1931: 4 1932: 0 1933: 2 1934: 9 9 1935: 8 1936: 8 1937: 9 1938: 0 1939: 8 1940: 9 1941: 4 1942: 0 1943: 0 1944: 0 1945: 0 1946: 0 1947: 0 1948: 0 1949: 0 1950: 0 1951: 0 1952: 0 1953: 0 1954: 0 1955: 0 1956: 0 1957: 0 1958: 0 1959: 2 1960: 0 1961: 0 1962: 0 1963: 0 1964: 0 1965: 0 1966: 0 1967: 0 1968: 0 1969: 0 1970: 0 1971: 0 1972: 0 1973: 0 1974: 0 1975: 0 1976: 7 1977: 2 1978: 0 1979: 0 1980: 5 1981: 0 1982: 0 1983: 0 1984: 0 1985: 0 1986: 0 1987: 0 1988: 6 1989: 4 1990: 0 1991: 0 1992: 0 1993: 0 1994: 0 1995: 0 1996: 0 1997: 0 1998: 0 1999: 0 2000: 0 2001: 0 2002: 4 2003: 3 2004: 1 2005: 0 2006: 2 2007: 0 2008: 0 2009: 0 2010: 0 2011: 0 2012: 5 2013: 2 2014: 0 2015: 0 2016: 0 2017: 1 2018: 0 2019: 0 2020: 0 2021: 1 2022: 0 2023: 0 2024: 0 2025: 0 18951905191519251935194519551965197519851995200520152025
Months each year with a Palmer index of −3 or lower, 1895 to 2025. Twelve means the whole year.
  1. The Palmer Drought Severity Index is computed by NOAA each month from the county's average temperature and precipitation, relative to the county's own climate. Zero is normal; -3 or lower is severe drought and -4 or lower extreme drought. It describes the long-term balance of moisture, not water supply or crop losses.

NOAA NCEI nClimDiv county Palmer Drought Severity Index, 1895 to September 2026, issued October 6, 2026.

Earthquakes and landslides

2 earthquakes of magnitude 4 or more within 50 miles since 1900; the largest was magnitude 4.4 in 1983.

1

Magnitude 2.5+ inside the county since 1973

6

Magnitude 3+ within 50 miles since 1973

2

Magnitude 4+ within 50 miles since 1900

0

Magnitude 5+ within 50 miles since 1900

Largest within 50 miles

March 4, 1983

Magnitude 4.4

16 km N of Fort Thompson, South Dakota; 24.0 miles away, 3.1 miles deep.

Most recent, magnitude 3 or more

May 30, 2024

Magnitude 3.7

38 km NNW of Pierre, South Dakota; 3.4 miles away.

Earthquakes of magnitude 3 or more within 50 miles, by year 1973: 0 1974: 0 1975: 0 1976: 0 1977: 0 1978: 0 1979: 0 1980: 0 1981: 0 1982: 0 1983: 1 1 1984: 0 1985: 0 1986: 0 1987: 0 1988: 0 1989: 0 1990: 0 1991: 0 1992: 0 1993: 0 1994: 0 1995: 0 1996: 0 1997: 0 1998: 1 1999: 0 2000: 0 2001: 0 2002: 0 2003: 0 2004: 0 2005: 0 2006: 0 2007: 0 2008: 0 2009: 0 2010: 0 2011: 1 2012: 0 2013: 0 2014: 0 2015: 0 2016: 0 2017: 1 2018: 0 2019: 0 2020: 0 2021: 0 2022: 1 2023: 0 2024: 1 2025: 0 19731978198319881993199820032008201320182023
Per year, 1973 to 2025.

Every earthquake of magnitude 4 or more within 50 miles

Earthquakes of magnitude 4 or more within 50 miles
Mar 4, 19834.424.03.116 km N of Fort Thompson, South Dakota
Dec 31, 19614.2Inside14.330 km WSW of Fort Pierre, South Dakota
  1. Earthquakes of magnitude 2.5 or more in the USGS Comprehensive Catalog since 1900. Within 50 miles means the epicentre lies within 50 miles of the county boundary (or inside the county).
  2. Small earthquakes were under-recorded before the modern seismic networks of the 1970s and are still missed in remote areas, so early decades read low. Magnitudes are as the catalogue reports them and mix scales (moment, local and body-wave).

USGS ANSS Comprehensive Earthquake Catalog, 1900 to present, retrieved October 30, 2026.

Mapped landslides

1

Landslides mapped, probable or better

0

With a recorded date

1

Source inventory

Mapped by USGS Conterminous (1).

  1. Landslides mapped in the USGS compilation of landslide inventories across the United States (version 3.0, 2025), rated probable or better. The compilation joins inventories made by federal and state agencies for different purposes and areas, so the number mapped in a county reflects how closely it has been surveyed as much as how often its slopes fail. An area with few records may simply not have been mapped. Deaths are as recorded in the inventories; a slide listed in two inventories is counted once.

USGS Landslide Inventories across the United States, version 3.0, retrieved October 27, 2026.

Severe weather and other events

716 events in the National Weather Service record, 645 of them since 1996.

136

Hail reports, 1 inch or larger

24

Hail, 2 inches or larger

197

Damaging gusts, 58 mph+

93

Winter weather events since 1996

13

Heat events since 1996

22

Cold events since 1996

Largest hail

July 10, 1987

2.75 inches

Strongest measured or estimated gust

June 22, 2015

122 mph

Costliest events since 1996

  1. Dec 25, 2016Ice Storm, Stanley$144,000
    National Weather Service narrative

    An intense surface low pressure area moved from northeast Colorado to South Dakota from the 24th through the 26th. This storm was unusually warm for the region for late December and produced record breaking heavy rain along with flooding in some cases. Significant icing occurred across areas at or just below the freezing point, which resulted in widespread tree and power pole and line damage to the area. Some downed branches and trees fell onto homes across the region. This storm also brought high winds along with snow and blizzard conditions to the region. This significant storm resulted in massive power outages, stranded motorists and closed roads. ||Ice accumulations were…

  2. Jun 2, 2008Flash Flood$30,000
    National Weather Service narrative

    Very heavy rains of 2 to 4 inches fell across much of Stanley county causing extensive flash flooding. Many dams were broken along with tens of fences crossing creeks in the county. Seventeen roads also sustained some form of damage from the flooding.

  3. Sep 2, 1999Flash Flood$20,000
    National Weather Service narrative

    Very heavy rains from thunderstorms repeatedly going over the same area resulted in extensive flash flooding in a 30 to 40 mile wide band from Fort Pierre in southeast Stanley County to Hecla in northeast Brown County. Rainfall amounts in this corridor ranged from 3 to 7 inches. As a result, the communities of Blunt in Hughes County and Onida in Sully county were severely flooded. Most of the homes and businesses were flooded throughout Blunt and Onida causing severe damage. Only a few homes in these communities were spared from receiving water in there basements. Most homes also experienced sewer backup. The sewer systems in both Onida and Blunt were flooded and shutdown. Many…

  1. Storm Events records before 1996 cover only tornadoes, thunderstorm wind and hail. Damage figures are as reported by the National Weather Service at the time, not adjusted for inflation.

NOAA NCEI Storm Events Database, 1950 to 2026, issued October 26, 2026.

Weather records

From Pierre Regional Airport, 8 miles from the county’s population centre, with records from 1933.

All-time high
117°FJul 15, 2006
All-time low
−35°FFeb 9, 1994
Warmest night
85°F2 times, most recently Jul 24, 1936
Coldest day
−18°FDec 21, 1989
Wettest day
4.00 inJul 25, 1984
Snowiest day
18.0 inMar 27, 1975
Hottest year
1934mean 52.3°F
Coldest year
1950mean 42.1°F
Wettest year
199731.85 in
Driest year
19767.12 in
Snowiest season
82.0 in1951-52
Average monthly high and low temperature and precipitation, last 30 years, Pierre Regional Airport 32°F 30° 10° 0.4 Jan 34° 12° 0.6 Feb 47° 23° 1.0 Mar 59° 33° 2.0 Apr 70° 45° 3.0 May 81° 56° 3.5 Jun 90° 62° 2.2 Jul 87° 60° 2.2 Aug 79° 51° 2.0 Sep 62° 37° 1.5 Oct 47° 24° 0.6 Nov 33° 13° 0.7 Dec Precipitation, inches
Average daily high and low by month, and average monthly precipitation, over the last 30 years.
Days reaching 95°F per year 1976: 40 40 1977: 14 1978: 23 1979: 9 1980: 36 1981: 16 1982: 14 1983: 40 1984: 25 1985: 28 1986: 6 1987: 23 1988: 35 1989: 38 1990: 18 1991: 22 1992: 3 1993: 6 1994: 8 1995: 19 1996: 13 1997: 12 1998: 30 1999: 25 2000: 38 2001: 30 2002: 34 2003: 22 2004: 16 2005: 32 2006: 37 2007: 20 2008: 5 2009: 7 2010: 16 2011: 13 2012: 34 2013: 14 2014: 3 2015: 14 2016: 17 2017: 19 2018: 19 2019: 1 2020: 18 2021: 33 2022: 24 2023: 17 2024: 15 2025: 17 19761986199620062016
Days reaching 95°F each complete year, last 50 years. Thirty-year average: 19.8.
Snowfall by winter 1976: 35.9 in 1977: 51.3 in 1978: 32.7 in 1979: 13.8 in 1980: 10.5 in 1981: 44.8 in 1982: 6.7 in 1983: 25.9 in 1984: 38.9 in 1985: 73.0 in 1986: 38.8 in 1987: 15.8 in 1988: 40.4 in 1989: 28.6 in 1990: 35.4 in 1991: 17.2 in 1992: 26.7 in 1993: 48.2 in 1994: 46.1 in 1995: 32.5 in 1996: 75.7 in 75.7 1997: 19.6 in 1998: 33.9 in 1999: 18.6 in 2011: 24.5 in 2012: 55.5 in 2013: 34.6 in 2014: 27.1 in 2015: 28.7 in 2016: 32.2 in 2017: 48.0 in 2018: 66.3 in 2019: 40.9 in 2020: 24.2 in 2021: 9.3 in 2022: 63.2 in 2023: 28.7 in 2024: 15.0 in 2025: 22.6 in 1976198619962017
Total snowfall each winter (July to June), last 50 winters.

Median first snow

November 9

Earliest: October 1, 1999

Median last snow

April 6

Latest: May 11, 1966

0 of 76 winters had no measurable snow.

Station Pierre Regional Airport (USW00024025), 1,719 ft elevation, 8.0 miles from the population centre. Daily records from 1933 to October 26, 2026; 99.8% of days in the last 30 years are complete. Records at a single station can differ from a city’s official threaded record, which may combine several stations.

NOAA NCEI Global Historical Climatology Network Daily.

Federal disaster declarations

15 since 1953. The most recent: Severe Storms, Straight-Line Winds, Tornadoes, and Flooding, September 1, 2026.

Federal disaster declarations
Sep 1, 2026Severe StormSevere Storms, Straight-Line Winds, Tornadoes, and FloodingMajor disasterDR-4938-SD
Feb 27, 2023Winter StormSevere Winter Storms and SnowstormMajor disasterDR-4689-SD
Apr 5, 2020BiologicalCovid-19 PandemicMajor disasterDR-4527-SD
Mar 13, 2020BiologicalCovid-19EmergencyEM-3475-SD
Feb 1, 2017Severe StormSevere Winter StormMajor disasterDR-4298-SD
Jul 30, 2015Severe StormSevere Storms, Tornadoes, Straight-Line Winds, and FloodingMajor disasterDR-4233-SD
May 13, 2011FloodFloodingMajor disasterDR-1984-SD
Jul 9, 2008Severe StormSevere Storms and FloodingMajor disasterDR-1774-SD
Sep 10, 2005Coastal StormHurricane Katrina EvacuationEmergencyEM-3234-SD
Jul 22, 2005Severe StormSevere StormMajor disasterDR-1596-SD
Apr 7, 1997FloodSevere Flooding, Sever Winter Storms,Heavy Rains High WindsMajor disasterDR-1173-SD
Jan 10, 1997Severe StormSevere Winter Storms and Blizzard ConditionsMajor disasterDR-1156-SD
May 26, 1995FloodFloodingMajor disasterDR-1052-SD
Mar 14, 1995SnowstormSevere Winter StormsMajor disasterDR-1045-SD
Jun 17, 1976DroughtDroughtEmergencyEM-3015-SD

This product uses the Federal Emergency Management Agency's OpenFEMA API, but is not endorsed by FEMA. The Federal Government or FEMA cannot vouch for the data or analyses derived from these data after the data have been retrieved from the Agency's website(s).

OpenFEMA Disaster Declarations Summaries, retrieved October 30, 2026. Statewide declarations are not listed.

How this compares

Where Stanley County stands among 66 counties in South Dakota and 3,143 in the United States.

Ranks
Tornadoes since 19502343 / 661,396 / 3,143
Tornadoes rated F3/EF3 or stronger0——
Tropical cyclones within 50 mi0——
Hurricane-strength passes within 50 mi0——
Wildfire acres since 198418,78314 / 66678 / 3,143
Flood insurance claims11710 / 661,204 / 3,143
Flood insurance paid$2.6 million8 / 661,048 / 3,143
Disaster declarations1556 / 662,305 / 3,143
Flood events since 19963531 / 661,907 / 3,143
Hail and wind events since 199642625 / 66649 / 3,143
Winter storm events since 19969361 / 661,053 / 3,143
Reported damage since 1996$194,00059 / 663,082 / 3,143
River crests at major flood stage813 / 66612 / 3,143
High tide flooding days a year, last 10 years0.0——
Months in severe drought since 189512245 / 661,690 / 3,143
Medium or heavy smoke days a year, last 10 years30.829 / 66160 / 3,143
Earthquakes M4+ within 50 mi since 1900223 / 661,151 / 3,143
Earthquakes M2.5+ in the county since 1973114 / 66826 / 3,143

Neighbouring counties

Neighbouring counties
Dewey County28018,0310
Haakon County3003,0552
Hughes County170088
Jones County809,1100
Lyman County4306,07716
Sully County2202,7895
Ziebach County24060,0903

Sources and vintage

Every number on this page comes from these public records.

  • Tornadoes NOAA Storm Prediction Center severe weather database, through 2025.
  • Tropical cyclones NOAA National Hurricane Center HURDAT2 (Atlantic; Northeast and Central Pacific), through 2025.
  • Wildfire USGS/USFS Monitoring Trends in Burn Severity, through 2026.
  • Storm events NOAA NCEI Storm Events Database, through 2026.
  • Flood insurance OpenFEMA NFIP Redacted Claims v3, refreshed August 4, 2026.
  • Declarations OpenFEMA Disaster Declarations Summaries v2, retrieved October 30, 2026.
  • Weather records NOAA NCEI Global Historical Climatology Network Daily, station USW00024025.
  • River crests NOAA National Weather Service, National Water Prediction Service river gauges, retrieved October 30, 2026.
  • Drought NOAA NCEI nClimDiv county Palmer Drought Severity Index, through September 2026.
  • Smoke NOAA NESDIS Hazard Mapping System smoke analysis, retrieved October 30, 2026.
  • Landslides USGS Landslide Inventories across the United States, version 3.0 (2025).
  • Earthquakes USGS ANSS Comprehensive Earthquake Catalog (ComCat), retrieved October 30, 2026.

Joins, thresholds and known limits are set out in the methodology. Found an error? Report it. Page built October 30, 2026.