Pierce County

Population 7,378 (2025) 573 sq mi

Pierce County has recorded 30 tornadoes since 1950, 58th most of 93 counties in Nebraska; the most recent was on June 16, 2017.

Hazard fingerprint for Pierce County Tornado: 67th percentile. Tropical: 0th percentile. Wildfire: 0th percentile. Flood: 26th percentile. Hail & wind: 35th percentile. Heat: 62th percentile. Cold: 92th percentile. Winter: 62th percentile. TORTROPFIREFLOODSEVEREHEATCOLDWINTER

Hazard fingerprint Each spoke is this county’s percentile among U.S. counties where that hazard occurs. How it is computed

2026
  • Tornado damage paths since 195030

At a glance

The record for Pierce County in eight numbers. Each links to its section below.

Tornadoes since 1950

30

58th of 93 in Nebraska

About as many as the typical Nebraska county

Details

Flood insurance claims

12

37th of 93 in Nebraska

$197,000 paid since 1994

Details

Strongest tornado

F4

May 8, 1965, 125.7 mile path

Federal disaster declarations

17

Most recent: Severe Storms and Straight-Line Winds, 2022

Details

Record high

113°F

July 11, 1954

Details

Record low

−31°F

February 16, 2021

Details

Snowiest season

86.1in

Winter of 1983-84

Costliest event since 1996

$750K

Winter Storm, December 30, 2006

Details

Tornadoes

About one every 2.5 years since 1950, 5 of them rated F3/EF3 or stronger.

Strongest

May 8, 1965

F4, 125.7 mile path

10 yards wide; 4 killed along the whole path.

Most recent

Friday, June 16, 2017

EF0, 0.5 mile path

9 years ago.

Tornadoes by decade Doppler radar era² 1950s: 3 3 1960s: 6 6 1970s: 5 5 1980s: 2 2 1990s: 6 6 2000s: 6 6 2010s: 2 2 2020s: 0 1950s1960s1970s1980s1990s2000s2010s2020s
Recorded tornadoes per decade. The 2020s are incomplete.
Tornadoes by month J: 0 F: 0 M: 0 A: 8 M: 8 J: 10 10 J: 2 A: 1 S: 1 O: 0 N: 0 D: 0 JFMAMJJASOND
By month of occurrence, all years.

Every recorded tornado

Tornadoes in Pierce County since 1950
Jun 16, 2017EF00.52500
Jun 20, 2011EF112.040000
Apr 22, 2007EF00.510000
May 21, 2004F11.515000
Apr 18, 2004F06.05000
Apr 18, 2004F00.54000
Jun 3, 2000F05.04000
Jun 3, 2000F00.11000
Jul 1, 1996F00.11000
Jul 1, 1996F00.11000
Apr 25, 1994F00.12300
Aug 29, 1993F11.05000
May 16, 1991F00.11300
Apr 26, 1991F00.12000
Apr 21, 1985F10.52000
Apr 21, 1985F00.32000
May 6, 1975F344.89000
May 6, 1975F44.130000
Apr 11, 1974F00.11000
Jun 18, 1973F216.21000
Sep 6, 1970F10.11000
May 8, 1965F4125.710534
May 12, 1963F312.81000
May 21, 1962F371.750070
May 17, 1962F00.11000
Jun 15, 1960F211.510000
Jun 14, 1960F21.010000
Jun 2, 1955F00.11000
Jun 7, 1953F18.21000
Jun 7, 1953F231.01060
  1. Injuries and deaths are for the tornado’s whole path, which may extend beyond the county. Deaths recorded within Pierce County: 0.
  2. Weak tornadoes were under-recorded before Doppler radar coverage became national in the early 1990s, so earlier decades read low. Ratings use the Fujita scale before February 2007 and the Enhanced Fujita scale after.

Storm Prediction Center severe weather database, 1950 to 2025.

Hurricanes and tropical storms

No tropical storm or hurricane has tracked within 100 miles since records began in 1851.

Wildfire and smoke

No large wildfire has been mapped here since satellite mapping began in 1984.

Smoke overhead

Smokiest year

2021: 60 days

Heavy smoke on 27 days in 2021, the most of any year.

Last 10 years

28.2 days a year

Medium or heavy smoke, 2016 to 2025.

2025

20 days

Medium or heavy smoke. 39 so far in 2026.

Days with medium or heavy smoke overhead, by year 2011: 12 2012: 25 2013: 21 2014: 7 2015: 21 2016: 4 2017: 16 2018: 23 2019: 8 2020: 33 2021: 60 60 2022: 19 2023: 57 2024: 42 2025: 20 201120122013201420152016201720182019202020212022202320242025
Days each year on which a satellite-traced plume of medium or heavy smoke covered the county’s population centre, 2011 to 2025.
  1. A smoke day is a date on which a smoke plume traced by NOAA Hazard Mapping System analysts from satellite imagery covered this place's point (the county's population centre or the city centre). Counts here are of medium or heavy smoke. Since 2018 analysts have often drawn light smoke as one area over most of the continent, so light-smoke counts are not comparable from year to year. The plumes show smoke anywhere in the air above, not air quality at the ground, and smoke hidden by cloud is missed.

NOAA Hazard Mapping System smoke analysis, 2011 to 2026, retrieved October 30, 2026.

Floods and flood insurance

12 federal flood insurance claims since 1994, with $197,000 paid.

Federal flood insurance claims by year 2019: 7 7 2019
Claims per year since 1994. Years with fewer than five claims are not shown.

Most claims in one year

2019: 7 claims

$181,000 paid.

Claims by ZIP code

Flood insurance claims by ZIP code
687677$39,000

Flood events since 1996

  • Flood13
  • Flash Flood7

This product uses the Federal Emergency Management Agency's OpenFEMA API, but is not endorsed by FEMA. The Federal Government or FEMA cannot vouch for the data or analyses derived from these data after the data have been retrieved from the Agency's website(s).

OpenFEMA NFIP Redacted Claims v3, refreshed August 4, 2026. NOAA Storm Events through 2026.

River crests

Most severe crest

March 14, 2019

North Fork Elkhorn River near Pierce, 17.34 ft

5.34 feet above the 12.0 ft flood stage; major flooding by today’s categories.

Most recent moderate or major crest

March 14, 2019

Willow Creek near Foster, 12.83 ft

Major flooding.

Highest river crests above flood stage
Mar 14, 2019North Fork Elkhorn River near Pierce17.34+5.34Major
Mar 14, 2019Willow Creek near Foster12.83+3.83Major
Feb 19, 1971North Fork Elkhorn River near Pierce15.10+3.10Moderate
Jun 13, 2010North Fork Elkhorn River near Pierce14.21+2.21Moderate
Oct 9, 2017North Fork Elkhorn River near Pierce13.36+1.36Minor
Sep 2, 2021North Fork Elkhorn River near Pierce13.15+1.15Minor
Mar 5, 2018North Fork Elkhorn River near Pierce13.10+1.10Minor
Mar 2, 2008North Fork Elkhorn River near Pierce12.77+0.77Minor
Feb 18, 2011North Fork Elkhorn River near Pierce12.44+0.44Minor
Jun 8, 2015North Fork Elkhorn River near Pierce11.89−0.11Action
Jun 14, 2010Willow Creek near Foster8.85−0.15Action
Feb 20, 1997Willow Creek near Foster8.83−0.17Action
Feb 10, 2009North Fork Elkhorn River near Pierce11.81−0.19Action
Mar 11, 2007North Fork Elkhorn River near Pierce11.77−0.23Action
May 2, 2016North Fork Elkhorn River near Pierce11.71−0.29Action
Jun 2, 2024Willow Creek near Foster8.69−0.31Action
Jun 23, 2005North Fork Elkhorn River near Pierce11.68−0.32Action
Aug 24, 1995Willow Creek near Foster8.40−0.60Action
Apr 26, 2007Willow Creek near Foster8.30−0.70Action
Feb 24, 1983Willow Creek near Foster8.28−0.72Action
Oct 8, 2017Willow Creek near Foster8.23−0.77Action
Mar 19, 1978Willow Creek near Foster8.21−0.79Action
Apr 16, 1999Willow Creek near Foster8.07−0.93Action
Jul 31, 2018Willow Creek near Foster8.06−0.94Action
Jun 29, 1999North Fork Elkhorn River near Pierce11.01−0.99Action

River gauges

River gauges and their highest listed crests
North Fork Elkhorn River near Osmond1,636.0——0
North Fork Elkhorn River near Pierce12.017.34 ftMar 14, 20191
Willow Creek near Foster9.012.83 ftMar 14, 20191
Willow Creek near Pierce1,637.81,636.57 ftMar 16, 20190
  1. Crests are the highest and the recent crests the National Weather Service lists for each river gauge in the county that has a flood stage, not every flood. Flood categories use each gauge's current flood stages; crests from before levees, dams or channel changes may not be comparable. Crests measured on an old datum are left out of the rankings.

NOAA National Water Prediction Service gauge records, retrieved October 30, 2026.

Drought

In severe drought or worse for 172 of 1,581 months since 1895 (11%); the longest spell lasted 30 months.

172

Months in severe drought or worse since 1895

87

Months in extreme drought

11%

Share of all months, severe or worse

23

Drought reports to the Weather Service since 1996

Lowest reading

August 1934

−6.07, extreme drought

Longest severe spell

30 months

July 1936 to December 1938.

Latest month

September 2026

−1.86, mild drought

Last severe month: July 2026.

Months in severe drought or worse, by year 1895: 0 1896: 0 1897: 0 1898: 0 1899: 0 1900: 0 1901: 0 1902: 0 1903: 0 1904: 0 1905: 0 1906: 0 1907: 0 1908: 0 1909: 0 1910: 1 1911: 5 1912: 0 1913: 0 1914: 0 1915: 0 1916: 0 1917: 0 1918: 0 1919: 0 1920: 0 1921: 0 1922: 0 1923: 0 1924: 0 1925: 0 1926: 0 1927: 0 1928: 0 1929: 0 1930: 0 1931: 5 1932: 0 1933: 0 1934: 8 1935: 3 1936: 6 1937: 12 12 1938: 12 1939: 7 1940: 9 1941: 0 1942: 0 1943: 0 1944: 0 1945: 0 1946: 0 1947: 0 1948: 0 1949: 0 1950: 0 1951: 0 1952: 0 1953: 0 1954: 0 1955: 7 1956: 12 1957: 4 1958: 0 1959: 0 1960: 0 1961: 0 1962: 0 1963: 0 1964: 0 1965: 0 1966: 0 1967: 0 1968: 6 1969: 0 1970: 0 1971: 0 1972: 0 1973: 0 1974: 0 1975: 0 1976: 0 1977: 2 1978: 0 1979: 0 1980: 0 1981: 6 1982: 0 1983: 0 1984: 0 1985: 0 1986: 0 1987: 0 1988: 0 1989: 9 1990: 12 1991: 9 1992: 0 1993: 0 1994: 0 1995: 0 1996: 0 1997: 0 1998: 0 1999: 0 2000: 7 2001: 0 2002: 0 2003: 0 2004: 0 2005: 0 2006: 0 2007: 0 2008: 0 2009: 0 2010: 0 2011: 0 2012: 7 2013: 9 2014: 0 2015: 0 2016: 0 2017: 0 2018: 0 2019: 0 2020: 0 2021: 0 2022: 6 2023: 6 2024: 0 2025: 0 18951905191519251935194519551965197519851995200520152025
Months each year with a Palmer index of −3 or lower, 1895 to 2025. Twelve means the whole year.
  1. The Palmer Drought Severity Index is computed by NOAA each month from the county's average temperature and precipitation, relative to the county's own climate. Zero is normal; -3 or lower is severe drought and -4 or lower extreme drought. It describes the long-term balance of moisture, not water supply or crop losses.

NOAA NCEI nClimDiv county Palmer Drought Severity Index, 1895 to September 2026, issued October 6, 2026.

Earthquakes

2 earthquakes of magnitude 4 or more within 50 miles since 1900; the largest was magnitude 4.4 in 1902.

0

Magnitude 2.5+ inside the county since 1973

6

Magnitude 3+ within 50 miles since 1973

2

Magnitude 4+ within 50 miles since 1900

0

Magnitude 5+ within 50 miles since 1900

Largest within 50 miles

July 28, 1902

Magnitude 4.4

Near Battle Creek, Nebraska; 13.4 miles away.

Most recent, magnitude 3 or more

December 10, 2023

Magnitude 3.0

11 km ESE of Wakonda, South Dakota; 42.8 miles away.

Earthquakes of magnitude 3 or more within 50 miles, by year 1973: 0 1974: 0 1975: 1 1 1976: 0 1977: 0 1978: 0 1979: 0 1980: 0 1981: 0 1982: 1 1983: 0 1984: 0 1985: 0 1986: 0 1987: 0 1988: 0 1989: 0 1990: 0 1991: 0 1992: 0 1993: 0 1994: 0 1995: 0 1996: 1 1997: 1 1998: 0 1999: 0 2000: 0 2001: 0 2002: 0 2003: 0 2004: 0 2005: 0 2006: 0 2007: 0 2008: 0 2009: 0 2010: 0 2011: 0 2012: 0 2013: 0 2014: 0 2015: 0 2016: 0 2017: 0 2018: 0 2019: 0 2020: 0 2021: 1 2022: 0 2023: 1 2024: 0 2025: 0 19731978198319881993199820032008201320182023
Per year, 1973 to 2025.

Every earthquake of magnitude 4 or more within 50 miles

Earthquakes of magnitude 4 or more within 50 miles
Nov 14, 19824.339.33.11 km NE of Tyndall, South Dakota
Jul 28, 19024.413.4—Near Battle Creek, Nebraska
  1. Earthquakes of magnitude 2.5 or more in the USGS Comprehensive Catalog since 1900. Within 50 miles means the epicentre lies within 50 miles of the county boundary (or inside the county).
  2. Small earthquakes were under-recorded before the modern seismic networks of the 1970s and are still missed in remote areas, so early decades read low. Magnitudes are as the catalogue reports them and mix scales (moment, local and body-wave).

USGS ANSS Comprehensive Earthquake Catalog, 1900 to present, retrieved October 30, 2026.

Severe weather and other events

488 events in the National Weather Service record, 402 of them since 1996.

97

Hail reports, 1 inch or larger

16

Hail, 2 inches or larger

66

Damaging gusts, 58 mph+

86

Winter weather events since 1996

13

Heat events since 1996

56

Cold events since 1996

Largest hail

August 26, 2024

3.25 inches

Strongest measured or estimated gust

April 19, 1985

100 mph

More event types since 1996

Other Storm Events types since 1996
Lightning200Jul 7, 1997

Costliest events since 1996

  1. Dec 30, 2006Winter Storm, Pierce$750,000
    National Weather Service narrative

    Freezing rain accumulated between 1/2 inch and 1 inch over much of the county. The combination of the ice, and a period of light sleet and snow, downed tree limbs and power lines across the county. Power was knocked out at some locations, in some instances for up to 10 days. Around 400 to 500 poles were downed from Pierce county west and southwest into Antelope and Boone counties. The storm caused around $750 thousand worth of damage to utility companies in the county.

  2. Mar 13, 2019Flash Flood$475,000
    National Weather Service narrative

    A levee on the North Fork of the Elkhorn River broke due to heavy rains and snow melt. This allowed water to flood Pierce. Homes and businesses were flooded in Pierce.

  3. Jul 1, 1996Tornado$120,000
    National Weather Service narrative

    Brief tornado touchdown reported near Plainview with severe damage to a farm.

  4. Aug 4, 1996Flood, Pierce$100,000
    National Weather Service narrative

    Nearly five inches of rain fell in Pierce filling fields and washing out county roads. Several creeks and rivers flooded.

  5. Jun 19, 1997Lightning$28,000
  6. Jul 6, 1998Thunderstorm Wind$20,000
    National Weather Service narrative

    Large trees downed. One of the trees fell on a home. Barn damaged.

  7. Aug 16, 2009Flash Flood$20,000
    National Weather Service narrative

    Heavy rain producing thunderstorms caused flash flooding across some county roads from around Pierce to near Plainview. Besides washing the gravel off of a few county roads, some crops in low areas also sustained damage. Pierce had 4.13 inches from the storm with 4.18 inches reported several miles south of Plainview. The rain began falling during the late afternoon hours of the 15th and persisted a bit past midnight on the 16th.

  8. Jul 6, 1998Thunderstorm Wind$20,000
    National Weather Service narrative

    One grain bin destroyed and another damaged.

  9. May 29, 2000Thunderstorm Wind$20,000
    National Weather Service narrative

    A second wave of thunderstorm wind gusts hit pierce at 1125 pm cdt. Law enforcement personel estimated the wind gusts at between 80 and 100 mph. These strong winds uprooted or split quite a few trees in town which closed several roads and damaged a few buildings.

  10. Jul 7, 1997Lightning$15,000
    National Weather Service narrative

    Lightning struck a tree outside a home. The electrical current caused damage to the roof and garage door of the home. Some electrical problems also resulted.

  1. Storm Events records before 1996 cover only tornadoes, thunderstorm wind and hail. Damage figures are as reported by the National Weather Service at the time, not adjusted for inflation.

NOAA NCEI Storm Events Database, 1950 to 2026, issued October 26, 2026.

Weather records

From Norfolk Karl Stefan Mem Airport, 20.9 miles from the county’s population centre, with records from 1945.

All-time high
113°FJul 11, 1954
All-time low
−31°FFeb 16, 2021
Warmest night
82°FAug 26, 1955
Coldest day
−14°FDec 21, 1989
Wettest day
5.42 inJun 4, 1991
Snowiest day
19.0 inFeb 18, 1984
Hottest year
2012mean 53.2°F
Coldest year
1950mean 45.5°F
Wettest year
200737.81 in
Driest year
202213.27 in
Snowiest season
86.1 in1983-84
Average monthly high and low temperature and precipitation, last 30 years, Norfolk Karl Stefan Mem Airport 32°F 33° 13° 0.6 Jan 37° 16° 0.7 Feb 51° 27° 1.5 Mar 62° 37° 2.6 Apr 73° 49° 3.9 May 83° 59° 4.2 Jun 87° 64° 2.8 Jul 84° 62° 3.3 Aug 79° 53° 2.1 Sep 65° 39° 2.2 Oct 50° 26° 1.1 Nov 36° 16° 0.8 Dec Precipitation, inches
Average daily high and low by month, and average monthly precipitation, over the last 30 years.
Days reaching 95°F per year 1976: 21 1977: 11 1978: 17 1979: 8 1980: 25 1981: 8 1982: 6 1983: 25 1984: 10 1985: 3 1986: 3 1987: 15 1988: 24 1989: 12 1990: 12 1991: 24 1992: 1 1993: 1 1994: 3 1995: 17 1996: 0 1997: 3 1998: 3 1999: 3 2000: 12 2001: 15 2002: 17 2003: 13 2004: 3 2005: 12 2006: 17 2007: 2 2008: 2 2009: 1 2010: 2 2011: 10 2012: 38 38 2013: 5 2014: 0 2015: 5 2016: 1 2017: 6 2018: 6 2019: 1 2020: 12 2021: 8 2022: 23 2023: 14 2024: 6 2025: 4 19761986199620062016
Days reaching 95°F each complete year, last 50 years. Thirty-year average: 8.1.
Snowfall by winter 1976: 25.2 in 1977: 43.4 in 1978: 52.5 in 1979: 22.2 in 1980: 10.1 in 1981: 47.1 in 1982: 51.6 in 1983: 86.1 in 86.1 1984: 17.9 in 1985: 31.6 in 1986: 18.8 in 1987: 22.6 in 1988: 23.5 in 1989: 19.2 in 1990: 34.2 in 1991: 24.5 in 1992: 44.5 in 1993: 30.2 in 1994: 29.0 in 1995: 33.0 in 1996: 36.8 in 1997: 22.0 in 1998: 23.2 in 1999: 9.8 in 2000: 26.8 in 2001: 18.2 in 2002: 30.0 in 2003: 31.1 in 2004: 12.4 in 2005: 36.7 in 2006: 22.4 in 2007: 31.6 in 2008: 34.9 in 2009: 55.0 in 2010: 40.5 in 2011: 15.3 in 2012: 27.3 in 2013: 19.9 in 2014: 20.7 in 2015: 53.0 in 2016: 32.2 in 2017: 45.2 in 2018: 29.0 in 2019: 30.5 in 2020: 40.2 in 2021: 4.1 in 2022: 28.6 in 2023: 29.7 in 2024: 21.0 in 2025: 13.1 in 19761986199620062016
Total snowfall each winter (July to June), last 50 winters.

Median first snow

November 11

Earliest: September 28, 1985

Median last snow

April 6

Latest: May 28, 1947

0 of 80 winters had no measurable snow.

Station Norfolk Karl Stefan Mem Airport (USW00014941), 1,562 ft elevation, 20.9 miles from the population centre. Daily records from 1945 to October 26, 2026; 99.9% of days in the last 30 years are complete. Records at a single station can differ from a city’s official threaded record, which may combine several stations.

NOAA NCEI Global Historical Climatology Network Daily.

Federal disaster declarations

17 since 1953. The most recent: Severe Storms and Straight-Line Winds, July 27, 2022.

Federal disaster declarations
Jul 27, 2022Severe StormSevere Storms and Straight-Line WindsMajor disasterDR-4662-NE
Apr 4, 2020BiologicalCovid-19 PandemicMajor disasterDR-4521-NE
Mar 13, 2020BiologicalCovid-19EmergencyEM-3483-NE
Mar 21, 2019FloodSevere Winter Storm, Straight-Line Winds, and FloodingMajor disasterDR-4420-NE
Jun 29, 2018SnowstormSevere Winter Storm and Straight-Line WindsMajor disasterDR-4375-NE
Jul 15, 2010Severe StormSevere Storms and FloodingMajor disasterDR-1924-NE
Apr 21, 2010FloodSevere Storms, Ice Jams, and FloodingMajor disasterDR-1902-NE
Feb 25, 2010Severe StormSevere Winter Storms and SnowstormMajor disasterDR-1878-NE
Jan 7, 2007Severe StormSevere Winter StormsMajor disasterDR-1674-NE
Jan 26, 2006Severe StormSevere Winter StormMajor disasterDR-1627-NE
Sep 13, 2005HurricaneHurricane Katrina EvacueesEmergencyEM-3245-NE
May 25, 2004Severe StormSevere Storms, Tornadoes and FloodingMajor disasterDR-1517-NE
Jul 21, 2003Severe StormSevere Storms and TornadoesMajor disasterDR-1480-NE
Mar 24, 1978FloodStorms, Ice Jams, Snowmelt & FloodingMajor disasterDR-552-NE
Jul 7, 1971FloodFloodsMajor disasterDR-308-NE
Feb 23, 1971FloodFloodsMajor disasterDR-303-NE
Jul 18, 1967FloodSevere Storms & FloodingMajor disasterDR-228-NE

This product uses the Federal Emergency Management Agency's OpenFEMA API, but is not endorsed by FEMA. The Federal Government or FEMA cannot vouch for the data or analyses derived from these data after the data have been retrieved from the Agency's website(s).

OpenFEMA Disaster Declarations Summaries, retrieved October 30, 2026. Statewide declarations are not listed.

How this compares

Where Pierce County stands among 93 counties in Nebraska and 3,143 in the United States.

Ranks
Tornadoes since 19503058 / 93994 / 3,143
Tornadoes rated F3/EF3 or stronger517 / 93242 / 3,143
Tropical cyclones within 50 mi0——
Hurricane-strength passes within 50 mi0——
Wildfire acres since 19840——
Flood insurance claims1237 / 932,266 / 3,143
Flood insurance paid$197,00031 / 932,126 / 3,143
Disaster declarations1746 / 932,018 / 3,143
Flood events since 19962059 / 932,509 / 3,143
Hail and wind events since 199618885 / 932,060 / 3,143
Winter storm events since 19968643 / 931,164 / 3,143
Reported damage since 1996$1.6 million85 / 932,844 / 3,143
River crests at major flood stage226 / 931,260 / 3,143
High tide flooding days a year, last 10 years0.0——
Months in severe drought since 189517228 / 93520 / 3,143
Medium or heavy smoke days a year, last 10 years28.210 / 93332 / 3,143
Earthquakes M4+ within 50 mi since 190028 / 931,151 / 3,143
Earthquakes M2.5+ in the county since 19730——

Neighbouring counties

Neighbouring counties
Antelope County380015
Cedar County33004
Knox County480026
Madison County490070
Stanton County37004
Wayne County23005

Sources and vintage

Every number on this page comes from these public records.

  • Tornadoes NOAA Storm Prediction Center severe weather database, through 2025.
  • Tropical cyclones NOAA National Hurricane Center HURDAT2 (Atlantic; Northeast and Central Pacific), through 2025.
  • Wildfire USGS/USFS Monitoring Trends in Burn Severity, through 2026.
  • Storm events NOAA NCEI Storm Events Database, through 2026.
  • Flood insurance OpenFEMA NFIP Redacted Claims v3, refreshed August 4, 2026.
  • Declarations OpenFEMA Disaster Declarations Summaries v2, retrieved October 30, 2026.
  • Weather records NOAA NCEI Global Historical Climatology Network Daily, station USW00014941.
  • River crests NOAA National Weather Service, National Water Prediction Service river gauges, retrieved October 30, 2026.
  • Drought NOAA NCEI nClimDiv county Palmer Drought Severity Index, through September 2026.
  • Smoke NOAA NESDIS Hazard Mapping System smoke analysis, retrieved October 30, 2026.
  • Earthquakes USGS ANSS Comprehensive Earthquake Catalog (ComCat), retrieved October 30, 2026.

Joins, thresholds and known limits are set out in the methodology. Found an error? Report it. Page built October 30, 2026.