Hopkins County

Population 39,063 (2025) 767 sq mi

Hopkins County has recorded 36 tornadoes since 1950, 121st most of 254 counties in Texas; the most recent was on March 2, 2023.

Hazard fingerprint for Hopkins County Tornado: 61th percentile. Tropical: 34th percentile. Wildfire: 4th percentile. Flood: 53th percentile. Hail & wind: 36th percentile. Heat: 84th percentile. Cold: 34th percentile. Winter: 24th percentile. TORTROPFIREFLOODSEVEREHEATCOLDWINTER

Hazard fingerprint Each spoke is this county’s percentile among U.S. counties where that hazard occurs. How it is computed

2026
  • Tornado damage paths since 195036
  • Tropical cyclone tracks within 100 miles since 1851, wider where stronger8
  • Wildfire burn scars since 19842

At a glance

The record for Hopkins County in eight numbers. Each links to its section below.

Tornadoes since 1950

36

121st of 254 in Texas

About as many as the typical Texas county

Details

Flood insurance claims

36

124th of 254 in Texas

$304,000 paid since 1980

Details

Tropical cyclones within 50 mi

3

128th of 254 in Texas

None at hurricane strength since 1851

Details

Acres burned since 1984

436

197th of 254 in Texas

2 large fires; the largest was Unnamed, 2006

Details

Strongest tornado

F3

May 14, 1969, 0.5 mile path

Strongest tropical cyclone

TS

Tropical storm Ike, 2008, 16.6 miles away

Federal disaster declarations

21

Most recent: Severe Storms, Straight-Line Winds, Tornadoes, and Flooding, 2024

Details

Record high

115°F

August 10, 1969

Details

Tornadoes

About one every 2.1 years since 1950, one of them rated F3/EF3 or stronger.

Strongest

May 14, 1969

F3, 0.5 mile path

10 yards wide.

Most recent

Thursday, March 2, 2023

EF1, 8.2 mile path

3 years ago.

Tornadoes by decade Doppler radar era² 1950s: 1 1 1960s: 8 8 1970s: 5 5 1980s: 4 4 1990s: 4 4 2000s: 2 2 2010s: 9 9 2020s: 3 3 1950s1960s1970s1980s1990s2000s2010s2020s
Recorded tornadoes per decade. The 2020s are incomplete.
Tornadoes by month J: 4 F: 2 M: 7 A: 10 10 M: 3 J: 1 J: 0 A: 1 S: 0 O: 4 N: 2 D: 2 JFMAMJJASOND
By month of occurrence, all years.

Every recorded tornado

Tornadoes in Hopkins County since 1950
Mar 2, 2023EF18.27500
Nov 4, 2022EF22.916000
Nov 4, 2022EF14.415000
Jan 21, 2018EF00.25000
Apr 29, 2017EF08.610000
Dec 26, 2015EF00.42500
Apr 3, 2014EF00.625010
Apr 3, 2012EF00.52500
Apr 3, 2012EF00.65000
Apr 3, 2012EF00.12500
Jan 20, 2010EF01.45000
Jan 20, 2010EF05.45000
Mar 18, 2008EF12.77000
Apr 23, 2000F04.010020
Oct 2, 1998F00.23000
Apr 19, 1995F00.23000
May 11, 1992F24.040000
Apr 5, 1990F00.21000
Feb 5, 1986F10.73000
Feb 5, 1986F10.53000
Oct 18, 1984F11.03000
Oct 16, 1980F22.77700
Apr 11, 1979F28.315000
Jun 12, 1977F10.11000
Oct 31, 1974F24.74010
Mar 10, 1973F20.515000
Dec 14, 1971F20.52000
May 14, 1969F30.51000
Mar 24, 1962F22.030000
Aug 29, 1961F10.21700
Mar 26, 1961F24.725000
Mar 26, 1961F23.825010
Mar 26, 1961F20.828000
May 4, 1960F11.03000
Jan 14, 1960F20.33310
Apr 6, 1955F29.81000
  1. Injuries and deaths are for the tornado’s whole path, which may extend beyond the county. Deaths recorded within Hopkins County: 0.
  2. Weak tornadoes were under-recorded before Doppler radar coverage became national in the early 1990s, so earlier decades read low. Ratings use the Fujita scale before February 2007 and the Enhanced Fujita scale after.

Storm Prediction Center severe weather database, 1950 to 2025.

Hurricanes and tropical storms

3 passed within 50 miles since 1851; none at hurricane strength.

Strongest within 50 miles

September 13, 2008

Ike, Tropical storm

16.6 miles at closest approach, winds near 46 mph.

Most recent

September 13, 2008

Ike, Tropical storm

16.6 miles at closest approach.

Every storm within 100 miles

Tropical cyclones within 100 miles
Ike200816.6Tropical storm46Category 4
Rita200578.1Tropical storm40Category 5
Carla196181.5Tropical storm40Category 4
Unnamed194179.1Tropical storm44Category 3
Unnamed191822.2Tropical storm43Category 3
Unnamed190229.4Tropical storm40Category 1
Unnamed189190.3Tropical storm55Category 1
Unnamed187997.9Tropical storm55Category 2
  1. Tropical storms and hurricanes (34 kt or more, still tropical) at closest approach. Post-tropical remnants with gale-force winds are listed but not counted. Direct: track within 50 miles; near: within 100 miles. Distance is measured to the county boundary for counties and to the city centre for cities, using positions interpolated hourly between HURDAT2 fixes.

National Hurricane Center HURDAT2, 1851 to 2025.

Wildfire and smoke

436 acres burned in 2 large fires since 1984, equal to 0.1% of the land.

Largest

March 12, 2006

Unnamed Fire, 1,635 acres

430 acres inside Hopkins County.

Most recent

March 14, 2006

Cooper Lake Fire

1,226 acres in total.

Acres burned since 1984, cumulative 2006: 436 436 acres 198519901995200020052010201520202025
Running total of acres burned inside the county (line) and each year’s acres (bars).

Every large fire

Large wildfires since 1984
Cooper Lake200651,226
Unnamed20064301,635
  1. Large fires mapped by the Monitoring Trends in Burn Severity program since 1984: 1,000 acres or more in the West, 500 or more in the East. Prescribed burns are excluded. Acres here are the part of each perimeter inside this place.

Monitoring Trends in Burn Severity (USGS and U.S. Forest Service), 1984 to 2026.

Smoke overhead

Smokiest year

2023: 45 days

Heavy smoke on 7 days in 2021, the most of any year.

Last 10 years

13.7 days a year

Medium or heavy smoke, 2016 to 2025.

2025

5 days

Medium or heavy smoke. 21 so far in 2026.

Days with medium or heavy smoke overhead, by year 2011: 12 2012: 11 2013: 3 2014: 3 2015: 7 2016: 0 2017: 3 2018: 5 2019: 3 2020: 12 2021: 28 2022: 21 2023: 45 45 2024: 15 2025: 5 201120122013201420152016201720182019202020212022202320242025
Days each year on which a satellite-traced plume of medium or heavy smoke covered the county’s population centre, 2011 to 2025.
  1. A smoke day is a date on which a smoke plume traced by NOAA Hazard Mapping System analysts from satellite imagery covered this place's point (the county's population centre or the city centre). Counts here are of medium or heavy smoke. Since 2018 analysts have often drawn light smoke as one area over most of the continent, so light-smoke counts are not comparable from year to year. The plumes show smoke anywhere in the air above, not air quality at the ground, and smoke hidden by cloud is missed.

NOAA Hazard Mapping System smoke analysis, 2011 to 2026, retrieved October 30, 2026.

Floods and flood insurance

36 federal flood insurance claims since 1980, with $304,000 paid.

Federal flood insurance claims by year 1999: 6 2000: 11 11 1999
Claims per year since 1980. Years with fewer than five claims are not shown.

Most claims in one year

2000: 11 claims

$81,000 paid.

2nd most

1999: 6 claims

$70,000 paid.

Claims by ZIP code

Flood insurance claims by ZIP code
7548234$280,000

Flood events since 1996

  • Flash Flood49
  • Flood11
  • Heavy Rain7

This product uses the Federal Emergency Management Agency's OpenFEMA API, but is not endorsed by FEMA. The Federal Government or FEMA cannot vouch for the data or analyses derived from these data after the data have been retrieved from the Agency's website(s).

OpenFEMA NFIP Redacted Claims v3, refreshed August 4, 2026. NOAA Storm Events through 2026.

Drought

In severe drought or worse for 197 of 1,581 months since 1895 (12%); the longest spell lasted 37 months.

197

Months in severe drought or worse since 1895

81

Months in extreme drought

12%

Share of all months, severe or worse

79

Drought reports to the Weather Service since 1996

Lowest reading

August 2006

−5.72, extreme drought

Longest severe spell

37 months

February 1909 to February 1912.

Latest month

September 2026

−3.92, severe drought

Months in severe drought or worse, by year 1895: 0 1896: 6 1897: 2 1898: 1 1899: 0 1900: 0 1901: 9 1902: 6 1903: 0 1904: 0 1905: 0 1906: 0 1907: 0 1908: 0 1909: 11 1910: 12 12 1911: 12 1912: 7 1913: 0 1914: 0 1915: 0 1916: 0 1917: 6 1918: 10 1919: 0 1920: 0 1921: 0 1922: 0 1923: 0 1924: 1 1925: 12 1926: 0 1927: 0 1928: 0 1929: 0 1930: 0 1931: 0 1932: 0 1933: 0 1934: 7 1935: 0 1936: 5 1937: 0 1938: 0 1939: 0 1940: 0 1941: 0 1942: 0 1943: 0 1944: 0 1945: 0 1946: 0 1947: 0 1948: 0 1949: 0 1950: 0 1951: 0 1952: 1 1953: 0 1954: 2 1955: 0 1956: 11 1957: 2 1958: 0 1959: 0 1960: 0 1961: 0 1962: 0 1963: 3 1964: 6 1965: 0 1966: 0 1967: 0 1968: 0 1969: 0 1970: 0 1971: 0 1972: 0 1973: 0 1974: 0 1975: 0 1976: 2 1977: 0 1978: 2 1979: 0 1980: 0 1981: 1 1982: 0 1983: 0 1984: 0 1985: 0 1986: 0 1987: 0 1988: 0 1989: 0 1990: 0 1991: 0 1992: 0 1993: 0 1994: 0 1995: 0 1996: 5 1997: 0 1998: 2 1999: 2 2000: 2 2001: 0 2002: 0 2003: 0 2004: 1 2005: 5 2006: 12 2007: 3 2008: 0 2009: 0 2010: 0 2011: 9 2012: 2 2013: 3 2014: 0 2015: 0 2016: 0 2017: 0 2018: 0 2019: 0 2020: 0 2021: 0 2022: 9 2023: 0 2024: 0 2025: 0 18951905191519251935194519551965197519851995200520152025
Months each year with a Palmer index of −3 or lower, 1895 to 2025. Twelve means the whole year.
  1. The Palmer Drought Severity Index is computed by NOAA each month from the county's average temperature and precipitation, relative to the county's own climate. Zero is normal; -3 or lower is severe drought and -4 or lower extreme drought. It describes the long-term balance of moisture, not water supply or crop losses.

NOAA NCEI nClimDiv county Palmer Drought Severity Index, 1895 to September 2026, issued October 6, 2026.

Earthquakes

1 earthquake of magnitude 2.5 or more within 50 miles since 1997; none reached magnitude 4.

0

Magnitude 2.5+ inside the county since 1973

1

Magnitude 3+ within 50 miles since 1973

0

Magnitude 4+ within 50 miles since 1900

0

Magnitude 5+ within 50 miles since 1900

Largest within 50 miles

May 30, 1997

Magnitude 3.4

3 km ESE of Neylandville, Texas; 6.6 miles away, 3.1 miles deep.

Most recent, magnitude 3 or more

May 30, 1997

Magnitude 3.4

3 km ESE of Neylandville, Texas; 6.6 miles away.

  1. Earthquakes of magnitude 2.5 or more in the USGS Comprehensive Catalog since 1900. Within 50 miles means the epicentre lies within 50 miles of the county boundary (or inside the county).
  2. Small earthquakes were under-recorded before the modern seismic networks of the 1970s and are still missed in remote areas, so early decades read low. Magnitudes are as the catalogue reports them and mix scales (moment, local and body-wave).

USGS ANSS Comprehensive Earthquake Catalog, 1900 to present, retrieved October 30, 2026.

Severe weather and other events

694 events in the National Weather Service record, 515 of them since 1996.

123

Hail reports, 1 inch or larger

14

Hail, 2 inches or larger

143

Damaging gusts, 58 mph+

35

Winter weather events since 1996

52

Heat events since 1996

6

Cold events since 1996

Largest hail

May 22, 2024

3.00 inches

Strongest measured or estimated gust

May 31, 1982

104 mph

More event types since 1996

Other Storm Events types since 1996
Lightning101Oct 11, 2010

Costliest events since 1996

  1. Jun 15, 2023Thunderstorm Wind$29.0 million
    National Weather Service narrative

    A NWS survey team determined a combination of straight line winds and microbursts caused damage in and around the Como area of Hopkins County. Notable damage was first observed west of Como on FM 1567 where two homes sustained minor roof damage and notable tree damage was observed. Scattered tree damage continued southeast into and east of Como. An embedded microburst is believed to have caused more significant damage to metal buildings at a county-owned facility on Highway 11 and to the Como-Pickton ISD facilities. Maximum estimated winds in the area were determined to be around 95 mph at the ISD facilities. A local weather station also reported a 87 mph wind speed to the east of…

  2. Feb 15, 2021Extreme Cold/Wind Chill, Hopkins$3.0 million
    National Weather Service narrative

    Extreme cold gripped the county for several days. Overnight lows were below 20 degrees Fahrenheit for most of the week. The period of February 15-16th was the coldest with low temperatures in the single digits and even slightly below zero degrees Fahrenheit. The maximum temperature on the 15th was only in the lower teens. Wind chill values during the 14th-16th were between 10 to -10 degrees Fahrenheit most of the time. The cold temperatures resulted in an extreme amount of damage to pipes, infrastructure, and power. The State listed 1 fatality in Hopkins County due to the winter storm but no additional information could be obtained.

  3. Dec 5, 2013Winter Storm, Hopkins$2.0 million
    National Weather Service narrative

    Up to 2 of freezing rain and sleet fell across the county causing significant damage to trees, tree branches, utility poles and lines due to the heavy collection of ice. A trained spotter reported 0.50 of freezing rain in Cumby. The newspaper in Sulphur Springs reported over 1.75 of sleet. Hundreds of trees, tree branches, and power lines were knocked down. Falling tree branches and ice damaged cars and roofs. Bridges, overpasses, and elevated surfaces became icy but other roads were largely not impacted by the ice. One railroad employee was injured when a tree fell on him as he was working to remove tree debris from the railroad tracks.

  4. Nov 4, 2022Tornado$1.0 million
    National Weather Service narrative

    According to eyewitness and video the second tornado started in a field west of County Road 1164. It moved northeast striking a home at the intersection of CR 3389 and FM 1567. This home sustained EF2 damage when the winds took the roof and attic off the house. The tornado continued NE across open field before striking a few homes off of CR 1181. One home along 1181 sustained EF2 damage and was pushed off its support. Two more homes were damaged on the east side of 1181, and the tornado dissipated soon after. Maximum estimated winds were 120 mph.

  5. Jan 20, 2010Tornado$750,000
    National Weather Service narrative

    A NWS storm survey found evidence of a tornado in a sub-division 2 miles east of Sulphur Springs. Around 50 homes suffered some degree of roof damage, two of which sustained more severe damage after being impaled by large tree branches. This damage was consistent with the rating of an EF-0 with wind speeds around 80 to 85 mph.

  6. Mar 4, 2025Thunderstorm Wind$500,000
    National Weather Service narrative

    A survey team found areas of enhanced wind damage northwest of Sulphur Springs in Hopkins County. Most of the observed damage was consistent with wind speeds around 90 mph. The most significant damage was observed at the Cross Spur Arena where the front of a metal structure was uplifted, causing the front of the structure to collapse. This damage was consistent with maximum wind speeds of 95 mph. Significant tree damage was also observed near the Cross Spur Arena and along County Road 4760 and County Road 4763. None of this damage was convergent and generally in an east to north direction. A few additional swaths of notable damage were found along County Road 4759 and County Road…

  7. Oct 1, 2006Drought, Hopkins$500,000
    National Weather Service narrative

    Persistent drought conditions continued across portions of north Texas. According to the U.S. Drought Monitor, much of the region was still experiencing extreme (D3) drought conditions. The areas which were rated exceptional drought (D4) last month had received enough rainfall to be downgraded into the D3 category this month.|Even though drought conditions were lessened by a few rain events this month, serious hydrological problems remained. For instance, as much water was used from Lake Bridgeport in one month alone as was saved through conservation efforts by north Texas over the summer. Almost every north Texas lake remained well below conservation levels. The rain events this…

  8. Apr 3, 2014Tornado$425,000
    National Weather Service narrative

    A National Weather Service damage survey crew determined a tornado produced EF1 damage in northern Hopkins County, near the city of Birthright. This tornado caused damage to several homes and businesses, including the Birthright Volunteer Fire Department building. A total of 76 houses or businesses were damaged in this tornado.

  9. Mar 4, 2004Thunderstorm Wind$350,000
    National Weather Service narrative

    Widespread rural damage occurred, mainly in the eastern part of the county. 8 homes were destroyed, 13 were heavily damaged, and 27 sustained moderate damage.

  10. May 25, 2015Thunderstorm Wind$325,000
    National Weather Service narrative

    Amateur radio operators estimated winds between 60 and 70 mph in Sulphur Springs. Several trees were blown over, and numerous carports were damaged. Additionally, the Sulphur Springs airport had several airplanes moved or damaged as a result of the storm.

  1. Storm Events records before 1996 cover only tornadoes, thunderstorm wind and hail. Damage figures are as reported by the National Weather Service at the time, not adjusted for inflation.

NOAA NCEI Storm Events Database, 1950 to 2026, issued October 26, 2026.

Weather records

From Sulphur Springs, 2.7 miles from the county’s population centre, with records from 1893.

All-time high
115°FAug 10, 1969
All-time low
−4°F2 times, most recently Feb 16, 2021
Warmest night
86°FJul 13, 1901
Coldest day
11°F2 times, most recently Feb 16, 2021
Wettest day
8.20 inAug 13, 2017
Snowiest day
9.4 inJan 16, 1964
Hottest year
1998mean 67.4°F
Coldest year
1983mean 60.9°F
Wettest year
195771.09 in
Driest year
195623.46 in
Average monthly high and low temperature and precipitation, last 30 years, Sulphur Springs 32°F 56° 33° 3.0 Jan 59° 37° 3.5 Feb 68° 45° 4.3 Mar 75° 52° 4.4 Apr 82° 62° 4.5 May 90° 70° 4.2 Jun 94° 73° 2.6 Jul 95° 73° 2.7 Aug 90° 65° 2.8 Sep 79° 54° 4.6 Oct 67° 44° 3.9 Nov 58° 36° 4.0 Dec Precipitation, inches
Average daily high and low by month, and average monthly precipitation, over the last 30 years.
Days reaching 95°F per year 1976: 10 1977: 30 1978: 55 1979: 9 1980: 51 1981: 35 1982: 31 1983: 37 1984: 51 1985: 47 1986: 35 1987: 40 1988: 46 1989: 15 1990: 50 1991: 29 1992: 4 1993: 50 1994: 21 1995: 56 1996: 28 1997: 46 1998: 95 1999: 51 2000: 59 2001: 48 2002: 44 2003: 46 2004: 21 2005: 98 98 2006: 59 2007: 5 2008: 16 2009: 20 2010: 40 2011: 89 2012: 50 2013: 51 2015: 50 2016: 60 2017: 23 2018: 77 2019: 39 2020: 29 2021: 18 2022: 59 2023: 53 2024: 33 2025: 28 19761986199620062017
Days reaching 95°F each complete year, last 50 years. Thirty-year average: 46.0.

Station Sulphur Springs (USC00418743), 495 ft elevation, 2.7 miles from the population centre. Daily records from 1893 to October 23, 2026; 97.6% of days in the last 30 years are complete. Records at a single station can differ from a city’s official threaded record, which may combine several stations.

NOAA NCEI Global Historical Climatology Network Daily.

Federal disaster declarations

21 since 1953. The most recent: Severe Storms, Straight-Line Winds, Tornadoes, and Flooding, May 17, 2024.

Federal disaster declarations
May 17, 2024FloodSevere Storms, Straight-Line Winds, Tornadoes, and FloodingMajor disasterDR-4781-TX
Apr 21, 2023Winter StormSevere Winter StormMajor disasterDR-4705-TX
Feb 19, 2021Severe Ice StormSevere Winter StormsMajor disasterDR-4586-TX
Feb 14, 2021Severe Ice StormSevere Winter StormEmergencyEM-3554-TX
Mar 25, 2020BiologicalCovid-19 PandemicMajor disasterDR-4485-TX
Mar 13, 2020BiologicalCovid-19EmergencyEM-3458-TX
Feb 25, 2019FloodSevere Storms and FloodingMajor disasterDR-4416-TX
Feb 9, 2016Severe StormSevere Winter Storms, Tornadoes, Straight-Line Winds, and FloodingMajor disasterDR-4255-TX
May 29, 2015Severe StormSevere Storms, Tornadoes, Straight-Line Winds and FloodingMajor disasterDR-4223-TX
Sep 10, 2008HurricaneHurricane IkeEmergencyEM-3294-TX
Mar 14, 2008FireWildfiresEmergencyEM-3284-TX
Jun 29, 2007Severe StormSevere Storms, Tornadoes, and FloodingMajor disasterDR-1709-TX
Jan 11, 2006FireExtreme Wildfire ThreatMajor disasterDR-1624-TX
Sep 24, 2005HurricaneHurricane RitaMajor disasterDR-1606-TX
Sep 21, 2005HurricaneHurricane RitaEmergencyEM-3261-TX
Sep 2, 2005HurricaneHurricane Katrina EvacuationEmergencyEM-3216-TX
Jan 8, 2001Severe Ice StormSevere Winter Ice StormMajor disasterDR-1356-TX
Sep 1, 1999FireExtreme Fire HazardsEmergencyEM-3142-TX
Aug 31, 1999FireTx-Greenville FireFire managementFM-2285-TX
Aug 26, 1998Severe StormTropical Storm CharleyMajor disasterDR-1239-TX
Nov 30, 1974FloodSevere Storms & FloodingMajor disasterDR-454-TX

This product uses the Federal Emergency Management Agency's OpenFEMA API, but is not endorsed by FEMA. The Federal Government or FEMA cannot vouch for the data or analyses derived from these data after the data have been retrieved from the Agency's website(s).

OpenFEMA Disaster Declarations Summaries, retrieved October 30, 2026. Statewide declarations are not listed.

How this compares

Where Hopkins County stands among 254 counties in Texas and 3,143 in the United States.

Ranks
Tornadoes since 195036121 / 254770 / 3,143
Tornadoes rated F3/EF3 or stronger1128 / 2541,281 / 3,143
Tropical cyclones within 50 mi3128 / 2541,131 / 3,143
Hurricane-strength passes within 50 mi0——
Wildfire acres since 1984437197 / 2541,447 / 3,143
Flood insurance claims36124 / 2541,803 / 3,143
Flood insurance paid$304,000141 / 2541,970 / 3,143
Disaster declarations21103 / 2541,345 / 3,143
Flood events since 19966790 / 2541,063 / 3,143
Hail and wind events since 1996258116 / 2541,500 / 3,143
Winter storm events since 19963591 / 2542,328 / 3,143
Reported damage since 1996$42.2 million86 / 254948 / 3,143
River crests at major flood stage0——
High tide flooding days a year, last 10 years0.0——
Months in severe drought since 1895197113 / 254325 / 3,143
Medium or heavy smoke days a year, last 10 years13.730 / 2541,860 / 3,143
Earthquakes M4+ within 50 mi since 19000——
Earthquakes M2.5+ in the county since 19730——

Neighbouring counties

Neighbouring counties
Delta County832,4211
Franklin County183013
Hunt County622063
Rains County17308
Wood County454011

Sources and vintage

Every number on this page comes from these public records.

  • Tornadoes NOAA Storm Prediction Center severe weather database, through 2025.
  • Tropical cyclones NOAA National Hurricane Center HURDAT2 (Atlantic; Northeast and Central Pacific), through 2025.
  • Wildfire USGS/USFS Monitoring Trends in Burn Severity, through 2026.
  • Storm events NOAA NCEI Storm Events Database, through 2026.
  • Flood insurance OpenFEMA NFIP Redacted Claims v3, refreshed August 4, 2026.
  • Declarations OpenFEMA Disaster Declarations Summaries v2, retrieved October 30, 2026.
  • Weather records NOAA NCEI Global Historical Climatology Network Daily, station USC00418743.
  • River crests NOAA National Weather Service, National Water Prediction Service river gauges, retrieved October 30, 2026.
  • Drought NOAA NCEI nClimDiv county Palmer Drought Severity Index, through September 2026.
  • Smoke NOAA NESDIS Hazard Mapping System smoke analysis, retrieved October 30, 2026.
  • Earthquakes USGS ANSS Comprehensive Earthquake Catalog (ComCat), retrieved October 30, 2026.

Joins, thresholds and known limits are set out in the methodology. Found an error? Report it. Page built October 30, 2026.