Waupaca County

Population 51,461 (2025) 748 sq mi

Waupaca County has recorded 25 tornadoes since 1950, 32nd most of 72 counties in Wisconsin; the most recent was on July 23, 2025.

Hazard fingerprint for Waupaca County Tornado: 43th percentile. Tropical: 0th percentile. Wildfire: 0th percentile. Flood: 25th percentile. Hail & wind: 43th percentile. Heat: 47th percentile. Cold: 65th percentile. Winter: 69th percentile. TORTROPFIREFLOODSEVEREHEATCOLDWINTER

Hazard fingerprint Each spoke is this county’s percentile among U.S. counties where that hazard occurs. How it is computed

2026
  • Tornado damage paths since 195025
  • Major flood years since 19782

At a glance

The record for Waupaca County in eight numbers. Each links to its section below.

Tornadoes since 1950

25

32nd of 72 in Wisconsin

About as many as the typical Wisconsin county

Details

Flood insurance claims

145

17th of 72 in Wisconsin

$2.4 million paid since 1978

Details

Strongest tornado

F4

September 26, 1951, 26.4 mile path

Federal disaster declarations

11

Most recent: Severe Storms, Tornadoes, and Flooding, 2026

Details

Record high

106°F

July 14, 1995

Details

Record low

−35°F

January 17, 1982

Details

Snowiest season

82.8in

Winter of 1961-62

Costliest event since 1996

$1.4M

Thunderstorm Wind, June 11, 2001

Details

Tornadoes

About one every 3 years since 1950, 2 of them rated F3/EF3 or stronger.

Strongest

September 26, 1951

F4, 26.4 mile path

100 yards wide; 6 killed along the whole path.

Most recent

Wednesday, July 23, 2025

EFU, 1.3 mile path

Within the past year.

Tornadoes by decade Doppler radar era² 1950s: 3 3 1960s: 2 2 1970s: 2 2 1980s: 2 2 1990s: 2 2 2000s: 3 3 2010s: 8 8 2020s: 3 3 1950s1960s1970s1980s1990s2000s2010s2020s
Recorded tornadoes per decade. The 2020s are incomplete.
Tornadoes by month J: 0 F: 0 M: 0 A: 2 M: 4 J: 5 J: 9 9 A: 3 S: 1 O: 0 N: 0 D: 1 JFMAMJJASOND
By month of occurrence, all years.

Every recorded tornado

Tornadoes in Waupaca County since 1950
Jul 23, 2025EFU1.38000
Jul 23, 2025EF05.74500
Jun 15, 2022EF13.112000
Jul 20, 2019EF01.37500
Jul 20, 2019EF01.45000
Jul 20, 2019EF17.58000
Jun 26, 2016EF12.710000
Jul 6, 2015EF10.87500
Aug 6, 2013EF213.117500
Aug 6, 2013EF19.812520
Apr 10, 2011EF127.720000
Aug 18, 2005F01.24000
Jun 10, 2005F00.12000
Jun 23, 2004F210.012500
Jul 4, 1994F00.12300
May 16, 1992F11.510000
Apr 27, 1984F332.044000
Jun 14, 1980F15.11000
Dec 1, 1970F231.920000
Jul 14, 1970F10.51000
Jul 2, 1969F04.310000
May 8, 1964F23.320010
May 6, 1959F27.21,76000
May 28, 1955F12.77340
Sep 26, 1951F426.410036
  1. Injuries and deaths are for the tornado’s whole path, which may extend beyond the county. Deaths recorded within Waupaca County: 6.
  2. Weak tornadoes were under-recorded before Doppler radar coverage became national in the early 1990s, so earlier decades read low. Ratings use the Fujita scale before February 2007 and the Enhanced Fujita scale after.

Storm Prediction Center severe weather database, 1950 to 2025.

Hurricanes and tropical storms

No tropical storm or hurricane has tracked within 100 miles since records began in 1851.

Wildfire and smoke

No large wildfire has been mapped here since satellite mapping began in 1984.

Smoke overhead

Smokiest year

2023: 74 days

Heavy smoke on 22 days in 2021, the most of any year.

Last 10 years

27.5 days a year

Medium or heavy smoke, 2016 to 2025.

2025

22 days

Medium or heavy smoke. 41 so far in 2026.

Days with medium or heavy smoke overhead, by year 2011: 6 2012: 13 2013: 10 2014: 16 2015: 18 2016: 6 2017: 12 2018: 21 2019: 18 2020: 17 2021: 47 2022: 20 2023: 74 74 2024: 38 2025: 22 201120122013201420152016201720182019202020212022202320242025
Days each year on which a satellite-traced plume of medium or heavy smoke covered the county’s population centre, 2011 to 2025.
  1. A smoke day is a date on which a smoke plume traced by NOAA Hazard Mapping System analysts from satellite imagery covered this place's point (the county's population centre or the city centre). Counts here are of medium or heavy smoke. Since 2018 analysts have often drawn light smoke as one area over most of the continent, so light-smoke counts are not comparable from year to year. The plumes show smoke anywhere in the air above, not air quality at the ground, and smoke hidden by cloud is missed.

NOAA Hazard Mapping System smoke analysis, 2011 to 2026, retrieved October 30, 2026.

Floods and flood insurance

145 federal flood insurance claims since 1978, with $2.4 million paid.

Federal flood insurance claims by year 1979: 43 2019: 5 2026: 70 70 1979
Claims per year since 1978. Years with fewer than five claims are not shown.

Most claims in one year

2026: 70 claims

$2.1 million paid.

2nd most

1979: 43 claims

$50,000 paid.

3rd most

2019: 5 claims

$29,000 paid.

Claims by ZIP code

Flood insurance claims by ZIP code
5496195$1.7 million
5494018$116,000
5492914$273,000
5498310$17,000

Flood events since 1996

  • Heavy Rain9
  • Flash Flood8
  • Flood7

This product uses the Federal Emergency Management Agency's OpenFEMA API, but is not endorsed by FEMA. The Federal Government or FEMA cannot vouch for the data or analyses derived from these data after the data have been retrieved from the Agency's website(s).

OpenFEMA NFIP Redacted Claims v3, refreshed August 4, 2026. NOAA Storm Events through 2026.

River crests

Most severe crest

March 28, 1950

Little Wolf River at Royalton, 11.95 ft

6.95 feet above the 5.0 ft flood stage; major flooding by today’s categories.

Most recent moderate or major crest

April 18, 2026

Wolf River (WI) at New London, 12.14 ft

Major flooding.

Highest river crests above flood stage
Mar 28, 1950Little Wolf River at Royalton11.95+6.95Major
Mar 25, 1939Little Wolf River at Royalton10.50+5.50Major
Mar 30, 1916Little Wolf River at Royalton10.00+5.00Major
Apr 18, 2026Wolf River (WI) at New London12.14+3.14Major
Apr 3, 1979Wolf River (WI) at New London11.83+2.83Major
Apr 13, 1922Wolf River (WI) at New London11.40+2.40Major
Mar 16, 1973Wolf River (WI) at New London11.22+2.22Major
Mar 15, 1946Little Wolf River at Royalton9.21+4.21Moderate
Apr 5, 1959Little Wolf River at Royalton9.10+4.10Moderate
Mar 26, 1917Little Wolf River at Royalton8.50+3.50Moderate
Mar 24, 1928Little Wolf River at Royalton8.00+3.00Moderate
Mar 30, 1943Little Wolf River at Royalton8.00+3.00Moderate
Mar 3, 1943Little Wolf River at Royalton8.00+3.00Moderate
Mar 28, 1950Waupaca River near Waupaca8.06+2.06Moderate
Apr 5, 1952Wolf River (WI) at New London11.00+2.00Moderate
May 12, 1960Wolf River (WI) at New London10.52+1.52Moderate
Mar 21, 1948Little Wolf River at Royalton7.93+2.93Minor
Mar 22, 1935Little Wolf River at Royalton7.82+2.82Minor
Mar 26, 1963Little Wolf River at Royalton7.78+2.78Minor
Apr 16, 2026Little Wolf River at Royalton7.66+2.66Minor
Jun 7, 1914Little Wolf River at Royalton7.60+2.60Minor
Apr 5, 1956Little Wolf River at Royalton7.10+2.10Minor
Apr 2, 1952Little Wolf River at Royalton7.00+2.00Minor
Apr 11, 1922Little Wolf River at Royalton7.00+2.00Minor
Mar 18, 1929Little Wolf River at Royalton7.00+2.00Minor

River gauges

River gauges and their highest listed crests
Little Wolf River at Royalton5.011.95 ftMar 28, 19503
Waupaca River near Waupaca6.08.06 ftMar 28, 19500
Wolf River (WI) at New London9.012.14 ftApr 18, 20264
  1. Crests are the highest and the recent crests the National Weather Service lists for each river gauge in the county that has a flood stage, not every flood. Flood categories use each gauge's current flood stages; crests from before levees, dams or channel changes may not be comparable. Crests measured on an old datum are left out of the rankings.

NOAA National Water Prediction Service gauge records, retrieved October 30, 2026.

Drought

In severe drought or worse for 89 of 1,581 months since 1895 (6%); the longest spell lasted 12 months.

89

Months in severe drought or worse since 1895

38

Months in extreme drought

6%

Share of all months, severe or worse

16

Drought reports to the Weather Service since 1996

Lowest reading

February 1977

−7.35, extreme drought

Longest severe spell

12 months

September 1976 to August 1977.

Latest month

September 2026

+2.10, moderately wet

Last severe month: September 1988.

Months in severe drought or worse, by year 1895: 4 1896: 3 1897: 0 1898: 1 1899: 0 1900: 0 1901: 0 1902: 0 1903: 0 1904: 0 1905: 0 1906: 0 1907: 0 1908: 0 1909: 3 1910: 7 1911: 4 1912: 0 1913: 0 1914: 0 1915: 0 1916: 0 1917: 0 1918: 0 1919: 0 1920: 0 1921: 1 1922: 0 1923: 0 1924: 0 1925: 0 1926: 0 1927: 0 1928: 0 1929: 0 1930: 1 1931: 10 10 1932: 0 1933: 2 1934: 5 1935: 0 1936: 4 1937: 2 1938: 0 1939: 0 1940: 0 1941: 0 1942: 0 1943: 0 1944: 0 1945: 0 1946: 0 1947: 0 1948: 4 1949: 6 1950: 0 1951: 0 1952: 0 1953: 4 1954: 3 1955: 0 1956: 1 1957: 0 1958: 0 1959: 0 1960: 0 1961: 0 1962: 0 1963: 0 1964: 5 1965: 0 1966: 3 1967: 0 1968: 0 1969: 0 1970: 0 1971: 0 1972: 0 1973: 0 1974: 0 1975: 0 1976: 4 1977: 8 1978: 0 1979: 0 1980: 0 1981: 0 1982: 0 1983: 0 1984: 0 1985: 0 1986: 0 1987: 0 1988: 4 1989: 0 1990: 0 1991: 0 1992: 0 1993: 0 1994: 0 1995: 0 1996: 0 1997: 0 1998: 0 1999: 0 2000: 0 2001: 0 2002: 0 2003: 0 2004: 0 2005: 0 2006: 0 2007: 0 2008: 0 2009: 0 2010: 0 2011: 0 2012: 0 2013: 0 2014: 0 2015: 0 2016: 0 2017: 0 2018: 0 2019: 0 2020: 0 2021: 0 2022: 0 2023: 0 2024: 0 2025: 0 18951905191519251935194519551965197519851995200520152025
Months each year with a Palmer index of −3 or lower, 1895 to 2025. Twelve means the whole year.
  1. The Palmer Drought Severity Index is computed by NOAA each month from the county's average temperature and precipitation, relative to the county's own climate. Zero is normal; -3 or lower is severe drought and -4 or lower extreme drought. It describes the long-term balance of moisture, not water supply or crop losses.

NOAA NCEI nClimDiv county Palmer Drought Severity Index, 1895 to September 2026, issued October 6, 2026.

Earthquakes

1 earthquake of magnitude 2.5 or more within 50 miles since 1905; none reached magnitude 4.

0

Magnitude 2.5+ inside the county since 1973

0

Magnitude 3+ within 50 miles since 1973

0

Magnitude 4+ within 50 miles since 1900

0

Magnitude 5+ within 50 miles since 1900

Largest within 50 miles

March 13, 1905

Magnitude 3.4

Near Marinette, Wisconsin; 49.6 miles away.

Most recent, magnitude 3 or more

March 13, 1905

Magnitude 3.4

Near Marinette, Wisconsin; 49.6 miles away.

  1. Earthquakes of magnitude 2.5 or more in the USGS Comprehensive Catalog since 1900. Within 50 miles means the epicentre lies within 50 miles of the county boundary (or inside the county).
  2. Small earthquakes were under-recorded before the modern seismic networks of the 1970s and are still missed in remote areas, so early decades read low. Magnitudes are as the catalogue reports them and mix scales (moment, local and body-wave).

USGS ANSS Comprehensive Earthquake Catalog, 1900 to present, retrieved October 30, 2026.

Severe weather and other events

533 events in the National Weather Service record, 478 of them since 1996.

65

Hail reports, 1 inch or larger

1

Hail, 2 inches or larger

137

Damaging gusts, 58 mph+

100

Winter weather events since 1996

8

Heat events since 1996

15

Cold events since 1996

Largest hail

July 26, 2007

2.00 inches

Strongest measured or estimated gust

July 18, 1996

100 mph

More event types since 1996

Other Storm Events types since 1996
Lightning800Jun 17, 2021
Dense fog and smoke900Feb 24, 2000

Costliest events since 1996

  1. Jun 11, 2001Thunderstorm Wind$1.4 million
    National Weather Service narrative

    During the late evening of June 11th a large thunderstorm complex, including a bow echo, moved across central and east central Wisconsin. Winds exceeded 70 mph across the area, resulting in thousands of downed trees and damage to homes and businesses. What made the storm particularly significant was the sustained strong winds causing more damage than typically experienced with a single severe wind gust. In Oshkosh, winds of 45 to 70+ mph were recorded for 45 minutes, veering from west to north during that span. The high winds and rough water knocked over dozens of sailboats on Lake Winnebago, sinking at least one. The storms knocked out power to at least 100,000 customers. The…

  2. Aug 6, 2013Tornado$1.0 million
    National Weather Service narrative

    Another fast-moving tornado formed within a line of severe thunderstorms and raced to the southeast. The tornado struck a church, causing severe damage (DI 9, DOD 6 and 7). A large portion of the roof collapsed, causing failure of two walls. A wall on a new portion of the church was pushed in. In addition, hundreds of trees were snapped or uprooted. Several homes along the path sustained damage, mainly from fallen trees. The tornado exited Waupaca County about one mile south of New London at about 12:25 am CDT. The average path width in Waupaca County was 100 yards.

  3. Jun 23, 2004Tornado$915,000
    National Weather Service narrative

    Thunderstorms that developed ahead of a strong cold front that moved through Wisconsin produced severe weather in the central and east central parts of the state during the evening. A line of thunderstorms tore the roof from a barn, downed numerous trees and power lines and blew a pickup truck into a ditch as the storms moved through the Wood county communities of Vesper, Nekoosa, and Wisconsin Rapids. Glass fragments caused a minor injury to one of the occupants of the pickup truck. The storms also produced 7 minutes of dime size hail 1 mile east of Wisconsin Rapids. The storms also damaged several buildings 4 miles west of Stevens Point (Portage co.), downed trees in Saxeville…

  4. Jul 5, 2024Flash Flood$260,000
    National Weather Service narrative

    Rainfall amounts of 4 to 6 inches, combined with the failure of the Manawa Dam, caused flooding in Manawa during the late morning and early afternoon.

  5. Jun 17, 2021Lightning$250,000
    National Weather Service narrative

    Lightning struck a house on Highway 110 in Fremont during the late evening hours, causing it to burn to the ground.

  6. Jun 26, 2016Tornado$200,000
    National Weather Service narrative

    A weak tornado formed 4.2 miles east-southeast of Symco and traveled east just under three miles. At least a half dozen pine trees were snapped along the path and several large trees were uprooted (DI 28, DOD 3,4). Several farm outbuildings were heavily damaged, with metal from the buildings strewn downwind hundreds of yards. A manufactured home was pushed off its block foundation (DI 3, DOD 3). The tornado dissipated about 6.3 miles north-northeast of Northport. Average path width was 75 yards.

  7. Jul 18, 1996Thunderstorm Wind$180,000
    National Weather Service narrative

    Downburst winds estimated at 100 mph caused significant damage along a 2 mile wide by 5 mile long path. Most of the damage occurred in the Royalton, White Lake and Baldwin Mills areas. Twenty-two homes and four barns sustained damage and 40 acres of crops were destroyed. Thousands of trees, covering at least 40 acres of land, were snapped off or uprooted.

  8. Jun 14, 2017Thunderstorm Wind$150,000
    National Weather Service narrative

    Thunderstorm winds downed numerous trees in Iola, including some large trees that were knocked onto houses and power lines.

  9. Jul 20, 2019Tornado$150,000
    National Weather Service narrative

    A tornado formed south of Waupaca and moved east-northeast to near White Lake. The tornado damaged siding and shingles on six homes (DI 2, DOD 2) and an apartment in a new subdivision near the Waupaca Airport. The garage door of a newer home was blown completely in, causing damage to the roof of the house (DI 2, DOD 4). Another house had a small part of its roof heavily damaged. Numerous trees were also damaged along the path. Peak winds were estimated around 90 mph.

  10. Jul 20, 2019Thunderstorm Wind$150,000
    National Weather Service narrative

    Thunderstorm winds downed several trees at Hartman Creek State Park. A woman taking shelter in a truck was injured by a fallen tree.

  1. Storm Events records before 1996 cover only tornadoes, thunderstorm wind and hail. Damage figures are as reported by the National Weather Service at the time, not adjusted for inflation.

NOAA NCEI Storm Events Database, 1950 to 2026, issued October 26, 2026.

Weather records

From Clintonville, 16.1 miles from the county’s population centre, with records from 1952.

All-time high
106°FJul 14, 1995
All-time low
−35°FJan 17, 1982
Warmest night
77°F3 times, most recently Jun 23, 2025
Coldest day
−19°FJan 19, 1994
Wettest day
5.03 inAug 28, 2021
Snowiest day
17.0 inMar 22, 1955
Hottest year
1998mean 49.0°F
Coldest year
2014mean 41.1°F
Wettest year
201948.94 in
Driest year
197619.93 in
Snowiest season
82.8 in1961-62
Average monthly high and low temperature and precipitation, last 30 years, Clintonville 32°F 26° 8° 1.3 Jan 30° 10° 1.1 Feb 42° 21° 2.1 Mar 55° 33° 3.3 Apr 68° 45° 3.7 May 77° 55° 4.6 Jun 82° 60° 3.8 Jul 80° 57° 3.6 Aug 73° 50° 3.5 Sep 59° 38° 2.8 Oct 45° 26° 1.8 Nov 31° 16° 1.6 Dec Precipitation, inches
Average daily high and low by month, and average monthly precipitation, over the last 30 years.
Nights at or below freezing per year 1976: 184 1977: 158 1978: 187 1979: 183 1980: 188 188 1981: 169 1982: 166 1983: 175 1984: 170 1985: 164 1986: 164 1988: 178 1989: 183 1990: 181 1991: 180 1992: 182 1993: 185 1994: 167 1995: 177 1996: 186 1997: 179 1998: 128 1999: 165 2000: 133 2001: 145 2002: 186 2003: 173 2004: 161 2005: 161 2006: 166 2007: 155 2008: 166 2009: 169 2010: 160 2011: 160 2012: 161 2013: 174 2014: 173 2015: 150 2016: 142 2017: 155 2018: 182 2019: 164 2020: 181 2021: 164 2022: 166 2023: 156 2024: 144 2025: 161 19761986199720072017
Nights at or below freezing each complete year, last 50 years. Thirty-year average: 162.2.
Snowfall by winter 1976: 56.0 in 1977: 43.5 in 1978: 55.5 in 1979: 32.8 in 1980: 23.5 in 1981: 56.5 in 1982: 25.5 in 1983: 35.0 in 1985: 54.4 in 1986: 30.1 in 1989: 31.4 in 1990: 48.1 in 1991: 44.5 in 1992: 49.2 in 1993: 51.2 in 1994: 31.4 in 1995: 66.9 in 1996: 65.4 in 1997: 52.2 in 1998: 35.6 in 1999: 28.6 in 2000: 48.1 in 2001: 38.4 in 2002: 32.7 in 2003: 40.7 in 2004: 46.1 in 2005: 29.8 in 2006: 46.2 in 2007: 63.3 in 2008: 68.3 in 68.3 2009: 21.9 in 2013: 46.1 in 2014: 29.2 in 2015: 27.3 in 2016: 41.7 in 2017: 62.2 in 2018: 63.3 in 2019: 52.6 in 2020: 31.1 in 2021: 39.7 in 2022: 50.6 in 2023: 28.7 in 2024: 43.0 in 2025: 49.4 in 19761989199920092022
Total snowfall each winter (July to June), last 50 winters.

Median first snow

November 18

Earliest: September 26, 1965

Median last snow

April 5

Latest: April 30, 1996

0 of 68 winters had no measurable snow.

Station Clintonville (USC00471676), 802 ft elevation, 16.1 miles from the population centre. Daily records from 1952 to October 20, 2026; 98.4% of days in the last 30 years are complete. Records at a single station can differ from a city’s official threaded record, which may combine several stations.

NOAA NCEI Global Historical Climatology Network Daily.

Federal disaster declarations

11 since 1953. The most recent: Severe Storms, Tornadoes, and Flooding, June 30, 2026.

Federal disaster declarations
Jun 30, 2026FloodSevere Storms, Tornadoes, and FloodingMajor disasterDR-4923-WI
Apr 4, 2020BiologicalCovid-19 PandemicMajor disasterDR-4520-WI
Mar 13, 2020BiologicalCovid-19EmergencyEM-3454-WI
Aug 27, 2019FloodSevere Storms, Tornadoes, Straight-Line Winds, and FloodingMajor disasterDR-4459-WI
Sep 13, 2005HurricaneHurricane Katrina EvacuationEmergencyEM-3249-WI
Jun 18, 2004Severe StormSevere Storms and FloodingMajor disasterDR-1526-WI
Sep 10, 2002TornadoSevere Storms, Tornadoes and FloodingMajor disasterDR-1432-WI
May 11, 2001FloodFlooding, Severe Storms and TornadoesMajor disasterDR-1369-WI
Jul 2, 1993Severe StormSevere Storms, Tornadoes & FloodingMajor disasterDR-994-WI
Jun 17, 1976DroughtDroughtEmergencyEM-3014-WI
Apr 27, 1973FloodSevere Storms & FloodingMajor disasterDR-376-WI

This product uses the Federal Emergency Management Agency's OpenFEMA API, but is not endorsed by FEMA. The Federal Government or FEMA cannot vouch for the data or analyses derived from these data after the data have been retrieved from the Agency's website(s).

OpenFEMA Disaster Declarations Summaries, retrieved October 30, 2026. Statewide declarations are not listed.

How this compares

Where Waupaca County stands among 72 counties in Wisconsin and 3,143 in the United States.

Ranks
Tornadoes since 19502532 / 721,264 / 3,143
Tornadoes rated F3/EF3 or stronger223 / 72866 / 3,143
Tropical cyclones within 50 mi0——
Hurricane-strength passes within 50 mi0——
Wildfire acres since 19840——
Flood insurance claims14517 / 721,093 / 3,143
Flood insurance paid$2.4 million18 / 721,080 / 3,143
Disaster declarations1141 / 722,727 / 3,143
Flood events since 19962445 / 722,333 / 3,143
Hail and wind events since 199628926 / 721,284 / 3,143
Winter storm events since 199610048 / 72952 / 3,143
Reported damage since 1996$5.9 million57 / 722,295 / 3,143
River crests at major flood stage717 / 72687 / 3,143
High tide flooding days a year, last 10 years0.0——
Months in severe drought since 18958965 / 722,652 / 3,143
Medium or heavy smoke days a year, last 10 years27.537 / 72385 / 3,143
Earthquakes M4+ within 50 mi since 19000——
Earthquakes M2.5+ in the county since 19730——

Neighbouring counties

Neighbouring counties
Marathon County630069
Outagamie County360086
Portage County250022
Shawano County290012
Waushara County290024
Winnebago County3300215

Sources and vintage

Every number on this page comes from these public records.

  • Tornadoes NOAA Storm Prediction Center severe weather database, through 2025.
  • Tropical cyclones NOAA National Hurricane Center HURDAT2 (Atlantic; Northeast and Central Pacific), through 2025.
  • Wildfire USGS/USFS Monitoring Trends in Burn Severity, through 2026.
  • Storm events NOAA NCEI Storm Events Database, through 2026.
  • Flood insurance OpenFEMA NFIP Redacted Claims v3, refreshed August 4, 2026.
  • Declarations OpenFEMA Disaster Declarations Summaries v2, retrieved October 30, 2026.
  • Weather records NOAA NCEI Global Historical Climatology Network Daily, station USC00471676.
  • River crests NOAA National Weather Service, National Water Prediction Service river gauges, retrieved October 30, 2026.
  • Drought NOAA NCEI nClimDiv county Palmer Drought Severity Index, through September 2026.
  • Smoke NOAA NESDIS Hazard Mapping System smoke analysis, retrieved October 30, 2026.
  • Earthquakes USGS ANSS Comprehensive Earthquake Catalog (ComCat), retrieved October 30, 2026.

Joins, thresholds and known limits are set out in the methodology. Found an error? Report it. Page built October 30, 2026.