Allendale County
Population 7,355 (2025) 408 sq mi
45 tropical storms and hurricanes have passed within 50 miles of Allendale County since 1851, 5 of them at hurricane strength; the strongest was Gracie in 1959 (Category 2).
Hazard fingerprint Each spoke is this county’s percentile among U.S. counties where that hazard occurs. How it is computed
- Tornado damage paths since 195019
- Tropical cyclone tracks within 100 miles since 1851, wider where stronger93
- Wildfire burn scars since 19841
At a glance
The record for Allendale County in eight numbers. Each links to its section below.
Tropical cyclones within 50 mi
45
21st of 46 in South Carolina
5 at hurricane strength since 1851
DetailsTornadoes since 1950
19
34th of 46 in South Carolina
Fewer than the typical South Carolina county, which has had 25
DetailsAcres burned since 1984
1,059
21st of 46 in South Carolina
1 large fire; the largest was Unnamed, 1999
DetailsStrongest tornado
EF3
April 5, 2022, 34.5 mile path
Strongest tropical cyclone
Cat. 2
Hurricane Gracie, 1959, 19.9 miles away
Tornadoes
About one every 4 years since 1950, 2 of them rated F3/EF3 or stronger.
Strongest
April 5, 2022
EF3, 34.5 mile path
500 yards wide.
Deadliest
September 22, 2000
1 killed, F2
5 injured along the whole path.
Most recent
Tuesday, April 5, 2022
EF1, 1.3 mile path
4 years ago.
Every recorded tornado
| Apr 5, 2022 | EF1 | 1.3 | 0 | 0 |
| Apr 5, 2022 | EF3 | 34.5 | 0 | 0 |
| Apr 5, 2022 | EF3 | 13.3 | 1 | 0 |
| Apr 13, 2020 | EF0 | 5.8 | 0 | 0 |
| Apr 10, 2009 | EF2 | 5.6 | 0 | 0 |
| Apr 10, 2009 | EF1 | 1.2 | 0 | 0 |
| Mar 15, 2008 | EF2 | 18.0 | 0 | 0 |
| Feb 13, 2007 | EF1 | 0.0 | 0 | 0 |
| Sep 7, 2004 | F0 | 1.0 | 0 | 0 |
| Sep 7, 2004 | F0 | 0.5 | 0 | 0 |
| Sep 7, 2004 | F1 | 4.5 | 0 | 0 |
| Sep 7, 2004 | F0 | 1.0 | 0 | 0 |
| Sep 7, 2004 | F0 | 2.0 | 0 | 0 |
| Jun 12, 2004 | F1 | 3.0 | 0 | 0 |
| Sep 22, 2000 | F2 | 4.8 | 5 | 1 |
| Sep 22, 2000 | F1 | 1.0 | 1 | 0 |
| Apr 15, 1999 | F2 | 3.0 | 0 | 0 |
| Apr 8, 1999 | F1 | 9.0 | 0 | 0 |
| Apr 24, 1965 | F1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 |
- Injuries and deaths are for the tornado’s whole path, which may extend beyond the county. Deaths recorded within Allendale County: 1.
- Weak tornadoes were under-recorded before Doppler radar coverage became national in the early 1990s, so earlier decades read low. Ratings use the Fujita scale before February 2007 and the Enhanced Fujita scale after.
Storm Prediction Center severe weather database, 1950 to 2025.
Hurricanes and tropical storms
45 passed within 50 miles since 1851; 5 at hurricane strength.
Strongest within 50 miles
September 29, 1959
Gracie, Category 2
19.9 miles at closest approach, winds near 104 mph.
Most recent
September 27, 2024
Helene, Tropical storm
87.1 miles at closest approach.
Every storm within 100 miles
| Helene | 2024 | 87.1 | Tropical storm |
| Debby | 2024 | 54.5 | Tropical storm |
| Idalia | 2023 | 21.1 | Tropical storm |
| Colin | 2022 | 53.8 | Tropical storm |
| Elsa | 2021 | 3.1 | Tropical storm |
| Bertha | 2020 | 70.6 | Tropical storm |
| Nestor | 2019 | 5.0 | Post-tropical |
| Michael | 2018 | 51.7 | Tropical storm |
| Florence | 2018 | 30.6 | Tropical storm |
| Matthew | 2016 | 67.3 | Category 2 |
| Julia | 2016 | 76.6 | Tropical storm |
| Hermine | 2016 | 26.7 | Tropical storm |
| Colin | 2016 | 82.9 | Tropical storm |
| Andrea | 2013 | 30.1 | Tropical storm |
| Barry | 2007 | 48.2 | Post-tropical |
| Gaston | 2004 | 85.9 | Category 1 |
| Charley | 2004 | 92.7 | Category 1 |
| Kyle | 2002 | 71.8 | Tropical storm |
| Earl | 1998 | 1.5 | Post-tropical |
| Josephine | 1996 | 44.6 | Post-tropical |
| Allison | 1995 | 1.0 | Post-tropical |
| Hugo | 1989 | 55.8 | Category 2 |
| Kate | 1985 | 12.8 | Tropical storm |
| Bob | 1985 | 23.8 | Tropical storm |
| Dennis | 1981 | 89.4 | Tropical storm |
| David | 1979 | 5.1 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1976 | 37.4 | Subtropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1976 | 94.0 | Subtropical storm |
| Alma | 1970 | 7.8 | Tropical storm |
| Alma | 1966 | 46.9 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1965 | 49.4 | Post-tropical |
| Dora | 1964 | 13.6 | Tropical storm |
| Cleo | 1964 | 19.8 | Tropical storm |
| Brenda | 1960 | 54.8 | Tropical storm |
| Gracie | 1959 | 19.9 | Category 2 |
| Cindy | 1959 | 71.7 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1957 | 62.5 | Tropical storm |
| Flossy | 1956 | 0.0 | Post-tropical |
| Unnamed | 1954 | 69.4 | Tropical storm |
| Florence | 1953 | 45.0 | Post-tropical |
| Able | 1952 | 16.6 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1949 | 62.9 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1947 | 67.6 | Category 2 |
| Unnamed | 1947 | 20.0 | Post-tropical |
| Unnamed | 1946 | 5.0 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1945 | 33.2 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1944 | 19.3 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1941 | 6.3 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1940 | 35.6 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1935 | 3.8 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1932 | 95.6 | Post-tropical |
| Unnamed | 1929 | 5.4 | Post-tropical |
| Unnamed | 1928 | 53.7 | Category 1 |
| Unnamed | 1927 | 28.4 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1924 | 15.8 | Post-tropical |
| Unnamed | 1924 | 36.7 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1916 | 86.0 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1916 | 67.7 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1916 | 56.3 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1915 | 21.9 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1913 | 55.7 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1912 | 100.0 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1912 | 78.4 | Post-tropical |
| Unnamed | 1911 | 31.2 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1910 | 67.9 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1907 | 51.9 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1907 | 71.3 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1906 | 92.0 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1906 | 62.4 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1902 | 0.8 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1901 | 0.0 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1898 | 22.8 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1896 | 21.0 | Category 1 |
| Unnamed | 1894 | 16.1 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1894 | 41.9 | Category 1 |
| Unnamed | 1893 | 85.5 | Category 3 |
| Unnamed | 1893 | 60.0 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1893 | 0.0 | Category 1 |
| Unnamed | 1893 | 46.8 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1889 | 65.0 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1888 | 0.0 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1886 | 0.0 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1886 | 53.6 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1885 | 0.7 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1885 | 93.2 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1885 | 64.2 | Category 2 |
| Unnamed | 1882 | 76.3 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1882 | 92.5 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1881 | 64.2 | Category 1 |
| Unnamed | 1880 | 92.0 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1878 | 93.0 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1878 | 45.4 | Category 1 |
| Unnamed | 1877 | 5.8 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1874 | 62.0 | Category 1 |
| Unnamed | 1873 | 42.4 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1871 | 47.7 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1871 | 73.6 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1868 | 82.9 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1867 | 80.5 | Category 1 |
| Unnamed | 1860 | 56.7 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1859 | 96.2 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1856 | 5.1 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1854 | 0.0 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1852 | 0.0 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1852 | 14.6 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1851 | 9.6 | Tropical storm |
- Tropical storms and hurricanes (34 kt or more, still tropical) at closest approach. Post-tropical remnants with gale-force winds are listed but not counted. Direct: track within 50 miles; near: within 100 miles. Distance is measured to the county boundary for counties and to the city centre for cities, using positions interpolated hourly between HURDAT2 fixes.
National Hurricane Center HURDAT2, 1851 to 2025.
Wildfire and smoke
1,059 acres burned in 1 large fire since 1984, equal to 0.4% of the land.
Largest
March 28, 1999
Unnamed Fire, 1,059 acres
1,059 acres inside Allendale County.
Most recent
March 28, 1999
Unnamed Fire
1,059 acres in total.
Every large fire
| Unnamed | 1999 | 1,059 | 1,059 |
- Large fires mapped by the Monitoring Trends in Burn Severity program since 1984: 1,000 acres or more in the West, 500 or more in the East. Prescribed burns are excluded. Acres here are the part of each perimeter inside this place.
Monitoring Trends in Burn Severity (USGS and U.S. Forest Service), 1984 to 2026.
Smoke overhead
Smokiest year
2023: 33 days
Heavy smoke on 3 days in 2025, the most of any year.
Last 10 years
8.1 days a year
Medium or heavy smoke, 2016 to 2025.
2025
10 days
Medium or heavy smoke. 27 so far in 2026.
- A smoke day is a date on which a smoke plume traced by NOAA Hazard Mapping System analysts from satellite imagery covered this place's point (the county's population centre or the city centre). Counts here are of medium or heavy smoke. Since 2018 analysts have often drawn light smoke as one area over most of the continent, so light-smoke counts are not comparable from year to year. The plumes show smoke anywhere in the air above, not air quality at the ground, and smoke hidden by cloud is missed.
NOAA Hazard Mapping System smoke analysis, 2011 to 2026, retrieved October 30, 2026.
Floods and flood insurance
6 federal flood insurance claims since 1985, with $282,000 paid.
Flood events since 1996
- Flash Flood12
- Heavy Rain1
This product uses the Federal Emergency Management Agency's OpenFEMA API, but is not endorsed by FEMA. The Federal Government or FEMA cannot vouch for the data or analyses derived from these data after the data have been retrieved from the Agency's website(s).
OpenFEMA NFIP Redacted Claims v3, refreshed August 4, 2026. NOAA Storm Events through 2026.
Drought
In severe drought or worse for 99 of 1,581 months since 1895 (6%); the longest spell lasted 14 months.
99
Months in severe drought or worse since 1895
35
Months in extreme drought
6%
Share of all months, severe or worse
22
Drought reports to the Weather Service since 1996
Lowest reading
July 2002
−6.54, extreme drought
Longest severe spell
14 months
August 2001 to September 2002.
Latest month
September 2026
−4.75, extreme drought
- The Palmer Drought Severity Index is computed by NOAA each month from the county's average temperature and precipitation, relative to the county's own climate. Zero is normal; -3 or lower is severe drought and -4 or lower extreme drought. It describes the long-term balance of moisture, not water supply or crop losses.
NOAA NCEI nClimDiv county Palmer Drought Severity Index, 1895 to September 2026, issued October 6, 2026.
Earthquakes
2 earthquakes of magnitude 4 or more within 50 miles since 1900; the largest was magnitude 4.4 in 1972.
0
Magnitude 2.5+ inside the county since 1973
5
Magnitude 3+ within 50 miles since 1973
2
Magnitude 4+ within 50 miles since 1900
0
Magnitude 5+ within 50 miles since 1900
Largest within 50 miles
February 3, 1972
Magnitude 4.4
10 km ESE of Bowman, South Carolina; 34.8 miles away, 1.2 miles deep.
Most recent, magnitude 3 or more
June 18, 2022
Magnitude 3.9
7 km E of Stillmore, Georgia; 46.7 miles away.
Every earthquake of magnitude 4 or more within 50 miles
| Feb 3, 1972 | 4.4 | 34.8 |
| Jan 23, 1903 | 4.1 | 48.0 |
- Earthquakes of magnitude 2.5 or more in the USGS Comprehensive Catalog since 1900. Within 50 miles means the epicentre lies within 50 miles of the county boundary (or inside the county).
- Small earthquakes were under-recorded before the modern seismic networks of the 1970s and are still missed in remote areas, so early decades read low. Magnitudes are as the catalogue reports them and mix scales (moment, local and body-wave).
USGS ANSS Comprehensive Earthquake Catalog, 1900 to present, retrieved October 30, 2026.
Severe weather and other events
316 events in the National Weather Service record, 300 of them since 1996.
17
Hail reports, 1 inch or larger
1
Hail, 2 inches or larger
175
Damaging gusts, 58 mph+
15
Winter weather events since 1996
6
Heat events since 1996
3
Cold events since 1996
Largest hail
October 25, 2010
2.75 inches
Strongest measured or estimated gust
June 15, 2011
75 mph
More event types since 1996
| Lightning | 3 | 0 |
Costliest events since 1996
- Sep 15, 1999Hurricane (Typhoon), Allendale$17.0 million
National Weather Service narrative
Hurricane Floyd weakened to a category three hurricane as it approached the southeast Georgia and southern South Carolina coasts on the morning of September 15th.The storm brushed the area during the late afternoon and evening as it took a more north and northeast course toward North Carolina. Sustained winds of tropical storm force were reported from Savannah on the southeast Georgia coast to Charleston on the South Carolina coast with wind gusts to hurricane force in the Charleston area. The highest sustained wind speed was 58 mph at the downtown Charleston office, which also had the highest gust (85 mph). In general, 3 to 5 inches of rainfall was reported across the area. Tides…
- Mar 15, 2008Tornado$2.3 million
National Weather Service narrative
An EF2 Tornado was confirmed by a storm survey conducted by the Charleston, South Carolina National Weather Service Forecast Office. The Tornado touched down in western Allendale County about 3.5 miles south-southwest of Martin at 712 PM EDT and traveled east-southeast for 18 miles before lifting about 2 miles northeast of Fairfax, South Carolina at 735 PM EDT. This Tornado uprooted or snapped off between 1500 and 2000 trees, destroyed two mobile homes, toppled a cell phone tower, produced mainly minor roof damage to many dozens of homes, knocked down numerous power lines and power poles, destroyed or severely damaged a couple dozen vehicles, destroyed several outbuildings, barns,…
- Apr 10, 2009Tornado$1.0 million
National Weather Service narrative
A National Weather Service Survey Team determined a tornado touched down along Roberts Road 3.5 miles northeast of Martin, South Carolina at 1230 AM local time Saturday morning and traveled 5.6 miles before lifting. Initially the tornado uprooted or snapped numerous trees with one tree falling on a mobile home and damaging the roof of the structure. The under-skirting of the mobile home was peeled back by the winds and a couple windows were blown out. Additionally, several cars sustained damage by falling trees outside of the mobile home. Another couple homes along Roberts Road received minor rood damage and a couple carports were slightly damaged as well. The tornado continued to…
- Apr 10, 2009Tornado$1.0 million
National Weather Service narrative
A National Weather Service Storm Survey Team determined that a tornado touched down 2.1 miles north-northwest of Martin, South Carolina at 1226 AM Saturday Morning. The tornado traveled approximately 1.2 miles before lifting 1.8 miles north-northwest of Martin at approximately 1228 AM. There was significant tree damage throughout the path of the tornado, but no structures were damaged. The tornado did not result in any injuries or fatalities. The National Weather Service Damage Survey Team determined the strength of the tornado to be an EF1 on the Enhanced Fujita Scale with winds estimated to be around 100 miles per hour. The maximum damage width was 300 yards.
- Sep 26, 2024Tropical Storm, Allendale$936,000
National Weather Service narrative
Strong winds associated with Helene produced widespread trees down across the entire county. Allendale County Emergency Management reported at least 34 homes impacted during the event, with 14 of those destroyed and 15 others sustaining major damage. South Carolina Forestry Commission reported that nearly 1,000 acres of timberland were impacted, with over $80,000 in estimated damage.
- Sep 22, 2000Tornado$290,000
National Weather Service narrative
Fatality occurred in a camper that was one of 10 other campers at a hunt club. The camper was the second one in the line and it appeared to have disintegrated. One of the other campers was turned on its side while the others remained upright, for the most part. Also, there were three mobile homes destroyed, major damage to two mobile homes, minor damage to six mobile homes and major damage to a frame home along with numerous trees down or snapped 10 to 15 feet above the ground. This tornado continued into Barnwell County in WFO Columbia's CWA.
- Jan 10, 2011Ice Storm, Allendale$75,000
National Weather Service narrative
The Allendale county Emergency Manager reported Storm Total ice accumulations of 0.50 to 1.00 inches across the county along with numerous downed trees and power lines.
- Apr 10, 2009Thunderstorm Wind$50,000
National Weather Service narrative
A National Weather Service Damage Survey Team determined tree damage found 2.4 miles northeast of Millet, South Carolina was caused by a thunderstorm microburst. Peak winds were estimated to be around 60 mph.
- Apr 15, 2007Thunderstorm Wind$25,000
National Weather Service narrative
A large tree fell on a house near Appleton.
- Apr 8, 1999Tornado$25,000
National Weather Service narrative
Roof damage to several buildings, numerous trees and powerlines down.
- Storm Events records before 1996 cover only tornadoes, thunderstorm wind and hail. Damage figures are as reported by the National Weather Service at the time, not adjusted for inflation.
NOAA NCEI Storm Events Database, 1950 to 2026, issued October 26, 2026.
Weather records
From Bamberg, 24.4 miles from the county’s population centre, with records from 1951.
- All-time high
- 109°FJul 24, 1952
- All-time low
- 2°FJan 21, 1985
- Warmest night
- 81°FAug 8, 1963
- Coldest day
- 24°FDec 25, 1983
- Wettest day
- 8.90 inNov 7, 2024
- Snowiest day
- 19.0 inFeb 10, 1973
- Hottest year
- 1990mean 66.8°F
- Coldest year
- 1960mean 62.9°F
- Wettest year
- 202384.11 in
- Driest year
- 195427.89 in
- Snowiest season
- 22.0 in1972-73
Median first snow
January 24
Earliest: December 11, 1958
Median last snow
January 28
Latest: March 13, 1993
44 of 64 winters had no measurable snow.
Station Bamberg (USC00380448), 150 ft elevation, 24.4 miles from the population centre. Daily records from 1951 to October 20, 2026; 92.1% of days in the last 30 years are complete. Records at a single station can differ from a city’s official threaded record, which may combine several stations.
NOAA NCEI Global Historical Climatology Network Daily.
Federal disaster declarations
25 since 1953. The most recent: Severe Winter Storm, January 23, 2026.
| Jan 23, 2026 | Winter Storm | EM-3632-SC |
| Sep 29, 2024 | Hurricane | DR-4829-SC |
| Sep 26, 2024 | Tropical Storm | EM-3619-SC |
| Aug 5, 2024 | Tropical Storm | EM-3606-SC |
| Aug 31, 2023 | Hurricane | EM-3597-SC |
| Nov 21, 2022 | Hurricane | DR-4677-SC |
| Sep 29, 2022 | Hurricane | EM-3585-SC |
| Mar 27, 2020 | Biological | DR-4492-SC |
| Mar 13, 2020 | Biological | EM-3470-SC |
| Sep 30, 2019 | Hurricane | DR-4464-SC |
| Sep 1, 2019 | Hurricane | EM-3421-SC |
| Sep 10, 2018 | Hurricane | EM-3400-SC |
| Oct 16, 2017 | Hurricane | DR-4346-SC |
| Sep 7, 2017 | Hurricane | EM-3386-SC |
| Oct 11, 2016 | Hurricane | DR-4286-SC |
| Oct 6, 2016 | Hurricane | EM-3378-SC |
| Oct 5, 2015 | Flood | DR-4241-SC |
| Oct 3, 2015 | Severe Storm | EM-3373-SC |
| Mar 12, 2014 | Severe Ice Storm | DR-4166-SC |
| Feb 12, 2014 | Severe Ice Storm | EM-3369-SC |
| Sep 10, 2005 | Hurricane | EM-3233-SC |
| Jan 31, 2000 | Severe Storm | DR-1313-SC |
| Sep 21, 1999 | Hurricane | DR-1299-SC |
| Sep 15, 1999 | Hurricane | EM-3145-SC |
| Aug 4, 1977 | Drought | EM-3047-SC |
This product uses the Federal Emergency Management Agency's OpenFEMA API, but is not endorsed by FEMA. The Federal Government or FEMA cannot vouch for the data or analyses derived from these data after the data have been retrieved from the Agency's website(s).
OpenFEMA Disaster Declarations Summaries, retrieved October 30, 2026. Statewide declarations are not listed.
How this compares
Where Allendale County stands among 46 counties in South Carolina and 3,143 in the United States.
| Tornadoes since 1950 | 19 | 34 / 46 |
| Tornadoes rated F3/EF3 or stronger | 2 | 9 / 46 |
| Tropical cyclones within 50 mi | 45 | 21 / 46 |
| Hurricane-strength passes within 50 mi | 5 | 22 / 46 |
| Wildfire acres since 1984 | 1,059 | 21 / 46 |
| Flood insurance claims | 6 | 40 / 46 |
| Flood insurance paid | $282,000 | 32 / 46 |
| Disaster declarations | 25 | 24 / 46 |
| Flood events since 1996 | 13 | 38 / 46 |
| Hail and wind events since 1996 | 215 | 40 / 46 |
| Winter storm events since 1996 | 15 | 41 / 46 |
| Reported damage since 1996 | $23.0 million | 19 / 46 |
| River crests at major flood stage | 0 | — |
| High tide flooding days a year, last 10 years | 0.0 | — |
| Months in severe drought since 1895 | 99 | 25 / 46 |
| Medium or heavy smoke days a year, last 10 years | 8.1 | 24 / 46 |
| Earthquakes M4+ within 50 mi since 1900 | 2 | 26 / 46 |
| Earthquakes M2.5+ in the county since 1973 | 0 | — |
Neighbouring counties
| Bamberg County | 25 | 49 |
| Barnwell County | 25 | 42 |
| Burke County GA | 23 | 41 |
| Colleton County | 34 | 83 |
| Hampton County | 17 | 61 |
| Screven County GA | 24 | 50 |
Sources and vintage
Every number on this page comes from these public records.
- Tornadoes NOAA Storm Prediction Center severe weather database, through 2025.
- Tropical cyclones NOAA National Hurricane Center HURDAT2 (Atlantic; Northeast and Central Pacific), through 2025.
- Wildfire USGS/USFS Monitoring Trends in Burn Severity, through 2026.
- Storm events NOAA NCEI Storm Events Database, through 2026.
- Flood insurance OpenFEMA NFIP Redacted Claims v3, refreshed August 4, 2026.
- Declarations OpenFEMA Disaster Declarations Summaries v2, retrieved October 30, 2026.
- Weather records NOAA NCEI Global Historical Climatology Network Daily, station USC00380448.
- River crests NOAA National Weather Service, National Water Prediction Service river gauges, retrieved October 30, 2026.
- Drought NOAA NCEI nClimDiv county Palmer Drought Severity Index, through September 2026.
- Smoke NOAA NESDIS Hazard Mapping System smoke analysis, retrieved October 30, 2026.
- Earthquakes USGS ANSS Comprehensive Earthquake Catalog (ComCat), retrieved October 30, 2026.
Joins, thresholds and known limits are set out in the methodology. Found an error? Report it. Page built October 30, 2026.