Hopewell
Population 23,261 (2025)
21 tropical storms and hurricanes have passed within 50 miles of Hopewell since 1851; the strongest at closest approach was an unnamed storm in 1878 (Category 2).
Hazard fingerprint Each spoke is this county’s percentile among U.S. counties where that hazard occurs. How it is computed
- Tornado damage paths within 25 miles since 195088
- Tropical cyclone tracks within 100 miles since 1851, wider where stronger55
- Wildfire burn scars within 25 miles since 19841
At a glance
Tornado paths within 25 miles, tropical cyclone tracks within 100 miles and wildfire perimeters within 25 miles of the city centre. Storm events, flood insurance claims and disaster declarations are for Hopewell city. Earthquakes within 50 miles, volcanoes within 100 miles and smoke days are measured from the city centre; river and tide gauges, tsunami and landslide records and the drought index are for Hopewell city.
Strongest tornado
F4
August 6, 1993, 1.0 mile path
Strongest tropical cyclone
Cat. 2
Hurricane (unnamed), 1878, 11.7 miles away
Tornadoes
About one tornado a year since 1950, 6 of them rated F3/EF3 or stronger.
Strongest
August 6, 1993
F4, 1.0 mile path
250 yards wide; 4 killed along the whole path.
Most recent
Tuesday, August 4, 2020
EF1, 0.8 mile path
6 years ago.
Every recorded tornado
| Aug 4, 2020 | EF1 | 0.8 | 0 | 0 |
| Apr 19, 2019 | EF2 | 3.1 | 0 | 0 |
| Apr 19, 2019 | EF1 | 8.3 | 0 | 0 |
| Apr 19, 2019 | EF0 | 17.7 | 0 | 0 |
| Oct 11, 2018 | EF0 | 1.9 | 0 | 0 |
| Sep 17, 2018 | EF0 | 1.1 | 0 | 0 |
| Sep 17, 2018 | EF0 | 1.4 | 0 | 0 |
| Sep 17, 2018 | EF0 | 1.3 | 0 | 0 |
| Sep 17, 2018 | EF0 | 0.2 | 0 | 0 |
| Sep 17, 2018 | EF2 | 7.5 | 1 | 1 |
| Sep 17, 2018 | EF1 | 4.0 | 0 | 0 |
| Sep 17, 2018 | EF1 | 8.8 | 0 | 0 |
| May 5, 2017 | EF1 | 2.3 | 0 | 0 |
| Feb 24, 2016 | EF1 | 8.9 | 8 | 3 |
| May 22, 2014 | EF0 | 1.4 | 0 | 0 |
| May 22, 2014 | EF0 | 0.7 | 0 | 0 |
| Jun 30, 2012 | EF0 | 6.2 | 0 | 0 |
| Jun 1, 2012 | EF0 | 3.0 | 5 | 0 |
| Oct 13, 2011 | EF1 | 9.2 | 0 | 0 |
| Apr 16, 2011 | EF1 | 7.0 | 5 | 0 |
| Oct 27, 2010 | EF1 | 11.4 | 1 | 0 |
| Sep 26, 2008 | EF0 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 |
| Jul 9, 2008 | EF1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 |
| Jun 3, 2008 | EF0 | 0.2 | 0 | 0 |
| Apr 28, 2008 | EF0 | 0.5 | 0 | 0 |
| Apr 28, 2008 | EF1 | 0.3 | 0 | 0 |
| Apr 28, 2008 | EF1 | 1.0 | 21 | 0 |
| Apr 20, 2008 | EF0 | 4.0 | 0 | 0 |
| Apr 20, 2008 | EF0 | 0.5 | 0 | 0 |
| May 11, 2006 | F1 | 0.3 | 0 | 0 |
| Jan 11, 2006 | F1 | 3.5 | 0 | 0 |
| Jul 7, 2005 | F1 | 0.2 | 0 | 0 |
| Jul 7, 2005 | F1 | 0.5 | 0 | 0 |
| Jul 7, 2005 | F1 | 0.5 | 0 | 0 |
| May 23, 2005 | F0 | 0.3 | 0 | 0 |
| Sep 8, 2004 | F0 | 0.7 | 0 | 0 |
| Sep 8, 2004 | F0 | 0.5 | 0 | 0 |
| Aug 30, 2004 | F0 | 4.0 | 0 | 0 |
| Aug 30, 2004 | F0 | 6.0 | 0 | 0 |
| Aug 30, 2004 | F0 | 0.5 | 0 | 0 |
| Aug 30, 2004 | F0 | 7.0 | 0 | 0 |
| Aug 30, 2004 | F0 | 1.0 | 0 | 0 |
| Aug 30, 2004 | F0 | 4.0 | 0 | 0 |
| Sep 23, 2003 | F1 | 3.0 | 0 | 0 |
| Sep 23, 2003 | F1 | 2.0 | 0 | 0 |
| Sep 23, 2003 | F0 | 3.0 | 0 | 0 |
| May 2, 2002 | F0 | 1.0 | 0 | 0 |
| Mar 3, 1999 | F1 | 0.8 | 17 | 0 |
| Aug 6, 1993 | F1 | 2.5 | 0 | 0 |
| Aug 6, 1993 | F1 | 14.0 | 0 | 0 |
| Aug 6, 1993 | F1 | 4.8 | 0 | 0 |
| Aug 6, 1993 | F1 | 6.5 | 0 | 0 |
| Aug 6, 1993 | F1 | 14.0 | 0 | 0 |
| Aug 6, 1993 | F4 | 1.0 | 246 | 4 |
| Aug 6, 1993 | F2 | 38.0 | 0 | 0 |
| Nov 23, 1992 | F1 | 2.0 | 0 | 0 |
| May 4, 1990 | F3 | 8.0 | 0 | 0 |
| Apr 2, 1990 | F2 | 0.2 | 0 | 0 |
| Jun 16, 1989 | F1 | 3.0 | 0 | 0 |
| Jun 13, 1989 | F1 | 0.2 | 0 | 0 |
| Oct 14, 1986 | F2 | 16.0 | 1 | 0 |
| Oct 14, 1986 | F2 | 2.0 | 0 | 0 |
| Oct 14, 1986 | F3 | 5.0 | 0 | 0 |
| May 29, 1984 | F2 | 0.5 | 0 | 0 |
| May 8, 1984 | F3 | 5.0 | 15 | 0 |
| May 8, 1984 | F3 | 2.0 | 0 | 0 |
| May 8, 1984 | F2 | 15.0 | 0 | 0 |
| May 8, 1984 | F1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 |
| Feb 11, 1981 | F1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 |
| Jul 22, 1980 | F0 | 0.4 | 0 | 0 |
| Apr 27, 1980 | F0 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 |
| Apr 19, 1978 | F3 | 35.6 | 3 | 0 |
| Jul 13, 1975 | F1 | 0.2 | 0 | 0 |
| Jun 1, 1975 | F1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 |
| Mar 19, 1975 | F1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 |
| Dec 1, 1974 | F1 | 1.0 | 7 | 0 |
| Jun 16, 1973 | F0 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 |
| Jun 21, 1970 | F2 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 |
| Jun 21, 1970 | F2 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 |
| Jul 6, 1969 | F2 | 0.5 | 0 | 0 |
| Mar 24, 1969 | F2 | 0.3 | 1 | 0 |
| Oct 20, 1961 | F1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 |
| Jul 10, 1959 | F0 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 |
| Jul 20, 1956 | F1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 |
| Jul 20, 1956 | F1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 |
| Jul 20, 1956 | F1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 |
| Jul 20, 1956 | F1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 |
| Jun 13, 1951 | F2 | 4.1 | 12 | 0 |
- Injuries and deaths are for the tornado’s whole path, which may extend beyond this area.
- Weak tornadoes were under-recorded before Doppler radar coverage became national in the early 1990s, so earlier decades read low. Ratings use the Fujita scale before February 2007 and the Enhanced Fujita scale after.
Storm Prediction Center severe weather database, 1950 to 2025.
Hurricanes and tropical storms
21 passed within 50 miles since 1851; 2 at hurricane strength.
Strongest within 50 miles
October 23, 1878
Unnamed storm, Category 2
11.7 miles at closest approach, winds near 98 mph.
Most recent
July 9, 2021
Elsa, Tropical storm
19.5 miles at closest approach.
Every storm within 100 miles
| Elsa | 2021 | 19.5 | Tropical storm |
| Claudette | 2021 | 99.6 | Tropical storm |
| Zeta | 2020 | 55.6 | Post-tropical |
| Isaias | 2020 | 15.8 | Tropical storm |
| Nestor | 2019 | 38.6 | Post-tropical |
| Michael | 2018 | 45.5 | Post-tropical |
| Andrea | 2013 | 42.4 | Post-tropical |
| Irene | 2011 | 97.2 | Category 1 |
| Hanna | 2008 | 15.1 | Tropical storm |
| Ernesto | 2006 | 19.7 | Post-tropical |
| Charley | 2004 | 79.0 | Tropical storm |
| Isabel | 2003 | 38.1 | Tropical storm |
| Helene | 2000 | 87.9 | Tropical storm |
| Floyd | 1999 | 75.3 | Category 1 |
| Earl | 1998 | 92.9 | Post-tropical |
| Danny | 1997 | 69.9 | Tropical storm |
| Bertha | 1996 | 33.2 | Tropical storm |
| Charley | 1986 | 98.8 | Category 1 |
| Doria | 1971 | 67.5 | Tropical storm |
| Alma | 1970 | 57.1 | Tropical storm |
| Doria | 1967 | 94.4 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1963 | 68.7 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1961 | 71.8 | Tropical storm |
| Brenda | 1960 | 48.4 | Tropical storm |
| Cindy | 1959 | 52.6 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1956 | 98.9 | Post-tropical |
| Ione | 1955 | 97.3 | Category 1 |
| Diane | 1955 | 80.4 | Tropical storm |
| Connie | 1955 | 62.4 | Category 1 |
| Hazel | 1954 | 35.7 | Post-tropical |
| Able | 1952 | 90.5 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1949 | 96.4 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1945 | 30.5 | Post-tropical |
| Unnamed | 1944 | 25.6 | Post-tropical |
| Unnamed | 1944 | 21.9 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1943 | 84.1 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1935 | 52.2 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1933 | 33.8 | Category 1 |
| Unnamed | 1929 | 18.2 | Post-tropical |
| Unnamed | 1928 | 7.3 | Post-tropical |
| Unnamed | 1928 | 17.7 | Post-tropical |
| Unnamed | 1924 | 56.9 | Post-tropical |
| Unnamed | 1916 | 48.8 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1915 | 79.9 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1907 | 90.2 | Post-tropical |
| Unnamed | 1904 | 25.8 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1902 | 36.3 | Post-tropical |
| Unnamed | 1902 | 18.5 | Post-tropical |
| Unnamed | 1899 | 16.4 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1896 | 87.7 | Category 1 |
| Unnamed | 1894 | 75.9 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1893 | 54.5 | Category 1 |
| Unnamed | 1893 | 84.8 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1893 | 96.3 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1889 | 29.2 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1888 | 3.7 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1887 | 95.0 | Post-tropical |
| Unnamed | 1886 | 17.6 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1885 | 60.9 | Post-tropical |
| Unnamed | 1883 | 27.7 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1882 | 69.0 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1882 | 7.5 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1881 | 66.9 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1879 | 97.1 | Category 2 |
| Unnamed | 1878 | 11.7 | Category 2 |
| Unnamed | 1877 | 17.4 | Post-tropical |
| Unnamed | 1876 | 12.1 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1874 | 31.7 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1872 | 37.6 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1863 | 68.3 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1861 | 67.3 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1859 | 16.7 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1856 | 74.3 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1854 | 73.7 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1851 | 95.2 | Tropical storm |
- Tropical storms and hurricanes (34 kt or more, still tropical) at closest approach. Post-tropical remnants with gale-force winds are listed but not counted. Direct: track within 50 miles; near: within 100 miles. Distance is measured to the county boundary for counties and to the city centre for cities, using positions interpolated hourly between HURDAT2 fixes.
National Hurricane Center HURDAT2, 1851 to 2025.
Wildfire and smoke
1 large fire burned within 25 miles since 1984.
Largest
February 10, 2008
Old Stage Road Fire, 2,238 acres
23.2 miles from the city centre.
Most recent
February 10, 2008
Old Stage Road Fire
2,238 acres in total.
Every large fire
| Old Stage Road | 2008 | 23.2 | 2,238 |
- Large fires mapped by the Monitoring Trends in Burn Severity program since 1984: 1,000 acres or more in the West, 500 or more in the East. Prescribed burns are excluded. Acres here are the part of each perimeter inside this place.
Monitoring Trends in Burn Severity (USGS and U.S. Forest Service), 1984 to 2026.
Smoke overhead
Smokiest year
2023: 45 days
Heavy smoke on 10 days in 2023, the most of any year.
Last 10 years
10.7 days a year
Medium or heavy smoke, 2016 to 2025.
2025
10 days
Medium or heavy smoke. 29 so far in 2026.
- A smoke day is a date on which a smoke plume traced by NOAA Hazard Mapping System analysts from satellite imagery covered this place's point (the county's population centre or the city centre). Counts here are of medium or heavy smoke. Since 2018 analysts have often drawn light smoke as one area over most of the continent, so light-smoke counts are not comparable from year to year. The plumes show smoke anywhere in the air above, not air quality at the ground, and smoke hidden by cloud is missed.
NOAA Hazard Mapping System smoke analysis, 2011 to 2026, retrieved October 30, 2026.
Floods and flood insurance
18 federal flood insurance claims since 1999, with $171,000 paid.
Flood insurance figures are for Hopewell city, the county that contains Hopewell.
Most claims in one year
2003: 6 claims
$74,000 paid.
Claims by ZIP code
| 23860 | 18 | $171,000 |
Flood events since 1996
- Heavy Rain20
- Flash Flood6
- Flood3
- Coastal Flood2
This product uses the Federal Emergency Management Agency's OpenFEMA API, but is not endorsed by FEMA. The Federal Government or FEMA cannot vouch for the data or analyses derived from these data after the data have been retrieved from the Agency's website(s).
OpenFEMA NFIP Redacted Claims v3, refreshed August 4, 2026. NOAA Storm Events through 2026.
Drought
In severe drought or worse for 79 of 1,581 months since 1895 (5%); the longest spell lasted 10 months.
The drought index is for Hopewell city, the county that contains Hopewell.
79
Months in severe drought or worse since 1895
14
Months in extreme drought
5%
Share of all months, severe or worse
1
Drought reports to the Weather Service since 1996
Lowest reading
February 1931
−5.39, extreme drought
Longest severe spell
10 months
October 1941 to July 1942.
Latest month
September 2026
+1.62, slightly wet
Last severe month: September 2002.
- The Palmer Drought Severity Index is computed by NOAA each month from the county's average temperature and precipitation, relative to the county's own climate. Zero is normal; -3 or lower is severe drought and -4 or lower extreme drought. It describes the long-term balance of moisture, not water supply or crop losses.
NOAA NCEI nClimDiv county Palmer Drought Severity Index, 1895 to September 2026, issued October 6, 2026.
Earthquakes
15 earthquakes of magnitude 2.5 or more within 50 miles since 1908; none reached magnitude 4.
4
Magnitude 3+ within 50 miles since 1973
0
Magnitude 4+ within 50 miles since 1900
0
Magnitude 5+ within 50 miles since 1900
Largest within 50 miles
March 15, 1991
Magnitude 3.8
7 km NNW of Goochland, Virginia; 45.9 miles away, 9.6 miles deep.
Most recent, magnitude 3 or more
May 21, 2014
Magnitude 3.1
15 km ENE of Cumberland, Virginia; 45.4 miles away.
- Earthquakes of magnitude 2.5 or more in the USGS Comprehensive Catalog since 1900. Within 50 miles means the epicentre lies within 50 miles of the city centre.
- Small earthquakes were under-recorded before the modern seismic networks of the 1970s and are still missed in remote areas, so early decades read low. Magnitudes are as the catalogue reports them and mix scales (moment, local and body-wave).
USGS ANSS Comprehensive Earthquake Catalog, 1900 to present, retrieved October 30, 2026.
Severe weather and other events
173 events in the National Weather Service record for Hopewell city, 168 of them since 1996.
11
Hail reports, 1 inch or larger
0
Hail, 2 inches or larger
19
Damaging gusts, 58 mph+
76
Winter weather events since 1996
6
Heat events since 1996
4
Cold events since 1996
Largest hail
April 19, 2013
1.75 inches
Strongest measured or estimated gust
August 9, 2000
58 mph
More event types since 1996
| Lightning | 2 | 0 |
Costliest events since 1996
- Sep 18, 2003Hurricane (Typhoon), Prince George$6.0 million
National Weather Service narrative
Hurricane Isabel was a Category 1 hurricane as it crossed the Wakefield WFO county warning area. Sustained tropical storm force winds with frequent gusts to hurricane force occurred over interior southeast Virginia. Isabel made landfall near Ocracoke Inlet in North Carolina, tracked northwest into central Virginia just west of Richmond, then continued northward into western Pennsylvania. Approximately several thousand persons were evacuated and housed in numerous shelters across interior southeast Virginia. The unusually large wind field uprooted many thousands of trees, downed many power lines, damaged hundreds of houses, and snapped thousands of telephone poles and cross arms.…
- Aug 27, 2011Tropical Storm, Prince George$2.5 million
National Weather Service narrative
Tropical storm force winds knocked down several trees and power lines, as well as caused some structural damage. In addition, heavy rains contributed to significant crop damage. Storm total rainfall generally ranged from six to nine inches.
- Feb 13, 2021Ice Storm, Prince George$50,000
National Weather Service narrative
Freezing rain or freezing drizzle resulted in significant ice accretion between 0.25 inch and 0.40 inch across the county. Numerous trees and power lines were downed, with widespread power outages reported due to the ice accretion.
- Feb 18, 2021Winter Storm, Prince George$30,000
National Weather Service narrative
Ice accretions between 0.20 inch and 0.25 inch were reported. Several trees and power lines were downed, with numerous power outages reported.
- Jan 6, 1996Winter Storm, Prince George$25,000
- Jan 30, 2000Ice Storm, Prince George$15,000
National Weather Service narrative
An ice storm affected a large portion of central and eastern Virginia with ice accumulations of up to one-half inch. Freezing rain mixed with sleet and snow spread over the area during the morning hours. Freezing rain then mixed with rain during the afternoon and evening along the eastern counties of Prince George, Charles City, New Kent, King William, King and Queen, Essex, Richmond, and Westmoreland. Farther west, freezing rain fell for most of the day with general accumulations from one-fourth to one-half inch. At one point, 300,000 people were without power in the Richmond vicinity due to the weight of ice downing trees and power lines. One Richmond TV station was knocked off…
- Jul 19, 2016Thunderstorm Wind$10,000
National Weather Service narrative
Numerous trees were downed. Two trees were downed on homes. Trees were also downed on power lines.
- Dec 6, 2000Winter Storm, Prince George$10,000
National Weather Service narrative
A light accumulation of snow over east central Virginia resulted in slick conditions on untreated roads, especially in Prince George county. Multiple accidents occurred when a light coating of snow and ice made for difficult driving conditions on Route 156, on Middle, Courthouse and Heritage Roads, and on James River Drive. A sports-utility vehicle collided with a school bus on Courthouse Road, resulting in $4,000 worth of damage to the SUV. Fortunately, no students were on the bus at the time of the accident. Total snow accumulations were reported to be just a dusting to up to one inch.
- May 22, 2014Thunderstorm Wind$10,000
National Weather Service narrative
Large power pole was snapped off. Part of a roof was blown off an apartment complex. Few trees were downed.
- Aug 30, 2004Tornado$10,000
National Weather Service narrative
F0 tornado occurred in Appomattox Manor area of Hopewell. The tornado downed or damaged 25 to 30 trees, and damaged a shed.
- Storm Events records before 1996 cover only tornadoes, thunderstorm wind and hail. Damage figures are as reported by the National Weather Service at the time, not adjusted for inflation.
NOAA NCEI Storm Events Database, 1950 to 2026, issued October 26, 2026.
Weather records
From Hopewell, 1.3 miles from the city centre, with records from 1916.
- All-time high
- 106°FAug 31, 1932
- All-time low
- −11°FJan 21, 1985
- Warmest night
- 89°F2 times, most recently Jul 9, 1925
- Coldest day
- 15°FJan 21, 1985
- Wettest day
- 7.61 inSep 16, 1999
- Snowiest day
- 14.0 inJan 24, 1940
- Hottest year
- 1998mean 63.5°F
- Coldest year
- 1958mean 57.0°F
- Wettest year
- 200371.17 in
- Driest year
- 196523.38 in
- Snowiest season
- 30.7 in1947-48
Median first snow
January 6
Earliest: November 7, 1953
Median last snow
February 15
Latest: April 13, 1940
19 of 72 winters had no measurable snow.
Station Hopewell (USC00444101), 40 ft elevation, 1.3 miles from the city centre. Daily records from 1916 to October 27, 2026; 91.9% of days in the last 30 years are complete. Records at a single station can differ from a city’s official threaded record, which may combine several stations.
NOAA NCEI Global Historical Climatology Network Daily.
Federal disaster declarations
16 since 1953. The most recent: Severe Winter Storm, January 23, 2026.
Declarations for Hopewell city.
| Jan 23, 2026 | Winter Storm | EM-3631-VA |
| Apr 2, 2020 | Biological | DR-4512-VA |
| Mar 13, 2020 | Biological | EM-3448-VA |
| Sep 11, 2018 | Hurricane | EM-3403-VA |
| Oct 29, 2012 | Hurricane | EM-3359-VA |
| Sep 3, 2011 | Hurricane | DR-4024-VA |
| Sep 12, 2005 | Hurricane | EM-3240-VA |
| Sep 3, 2004 | Severe Storm | DR-1544-VA |
| Sep 18, 2003 | Hurricane | DR-1491-VA |
| Feb 28, 2000 | Severe Storm | DR-1318-VA |
| Sep 18, 1999 | Hurricane | DR-1293-VA |
| Sep 6, 1996 | Hurricane | DR-1135-VA |
| Jan 13, 1996 | Snowstorm | DR-1086-VA |
| Mar 25, 1993 | Snowstorm | EM-3112-VA |
| Jan 26, 1977 | Freezing | DR-525-VA |
| Jun 23, 1972 | Flood | DR-339-VA |
This product uses the Federal Emergency Management Agency's OpenFEMA API, but is not endorsed by FEMA. The Federal Government or FEMA cannot vouch for the data or analyses derived from these data after the data have been retrieved from the Agency's website(s).
OpenFEMA Disaster Declarations Summaries, retrieved October 30, 2026. Statewide declarations are not listed.
Sources and vintage
Every number on this page comes from these public records.
- Tornadoes NOAA Storm Prediction Center severe weather database, through 2025.
- Tropical cyclones NOAA National Hurricane Center HURDAT2 (Atlantic; Northeast and Central Pacific), through 2025.
- Wildfire USGS/USFS Monitoring Trends in Burn Severity, through 2026.
- Storm events NOAA NCEI Storm Events Database, through 2026.
- Flood insurance OpenFEMA NFIP Redacted Claims v3, refreshed August 4, 2026.
- Declarations OpenFEMA Disaster Declarations Summaries v2, retrieved October 30, 2026.
- Weather records NOAA NCEI Global Historical Climatology Network Daily, station USC00444101.
- River crests NOAA National Weather Service, National Water Prediction Service river gauges, retrieved October 30, 2026.
- Drought NOAA NCEI nClimDiv county Palmer Drought Severity Index, through September 2026.
- Smoke NOAA NESDIS Hazard Mapping System smoke analysis, retrieved October 30, 2026.
- Earthquakes USGS ANSS Comprehensive Earthquake Catalog (ComCat), retrieved October 30, 2026.
Joins, thresholds and known limits are set out in the methodology. Found an error? Report it. Page built October 30, 2026.