Montgomery County
Population 225,891 (2025) 785 sq mi
Montgomery County has recorded 61 tornadoes since 1950, 11th most of 67 counties in Alabama; the most recent was on December 29, 2024.
Hazard fingerprint Each spoke is this county’s percentile among U.S. counties where that hazard occurs. How it is computed
- Tornado damage paths since 195061
- Tropical cyclone tracks within 100 miles since 1851, wider where stronger45
- Major flood years since 19785
At a glance
The record for Montgomery County in eight numbers. Each links to its section below.
Strongest tornado
F4
April 18, 1969, 52.4 mile path
Strongest tropical cyclone
Cat. 1
Hurricane Eloise, 1975, 10.2 miles away
Tornadoes
About one every 1.2 years since 1950, 3 of them rated F3/EF3 or stronger.
Strongest
April 18, 1969
F4, 52.4 mile path
500 yards wide; 2 killed along the whole path.
Deadliest
May 3, 1984
5 killed, F3
37 injured along the whole path.
Most recent
Sunday, December 29, 2024
EF0, 2.5 mile path
2 years ago.
Every recorded tornado
| Dec 29, 2024 | EF0 | 2.5 | 0 | 0 |
| Dec 29, 2024 | EF1 | 10.0 | 0 | 0 |
| Dec 29, 2024 | EF1 | 3.9 | 0 | 0 |
| Dec 29, 2024 | EF0 | 0.3 | 0 | 0 |
| Jan 4, 2023 | EF1 | 1.9 | 1 | 0 |
| Nov 30, 2022 | EF2 | 9.8 | 2 | 2 |
| Apr 5, 2022 | EF1 | 7.6 | 0 | 0 |
| Apr 5, 2022 | EF2 | 12.7 | 0 | 0 |
| May 4, 2021 | EF1 | 10.6 | 0 | 0 |
| Mar 17, 2021 | EF0 | 0.3 | 0 | 0 |
| Mar 31, 2020 | EF0 | 3.3 | 0 | 0 |
| Apr 22, 2018 | EF0 | 2.6 | 0 | 0 |
| Apr 27, 2017 | EF1 | 5.6 | 0 | 0 |
| Feb 7, 2017 | EF0 | 0.2 | 0 | 0 |
| Apr 6, 2016 | EF0 | 0.8 | 0 | 0 |
| Apr 6, 2016 | EF0 | 6.0 | 0 | 0 |
| Feb 15, 2016 | EF0 | 2.5 | 0 | 0 |
| Dec 25, 2012 | EF1 | 0.7 | 0 | 0 |
| Nov 16, 2011 | EF1 | 0.9 | 0 | 0 |
| Apr 19, 2009 | EF1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 |
| Apr 19, 2009 | EF0 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 |
| Apr 10, 2009 | EF1 | 26.1 | 0 | 0 |
| Mar 1, 2007 | EF2 | 24.6 | 6 | 0 |
| Nov 15, 2006 | F2 | 6.8 | 6 | 0 |
| Nov 15, 2006 | F1 | 5.9 | 0 | 0 |
| Aug 29, 2005 | F0 | 6.0 | 0 | 0 |
| Jul 6, 2005 | F0 | 7.6 | 0 | 0 |
| Nov 24, 2004 | F0 | 4.8 | 0 | 0 |
| Sep 16, 2004 | F0 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 |
| Jul 1, 2003 | F0 | 4.7 | 0 | 0 |
| Mar 2, 2001 | F1 | 2.2 | 0 | 0 |
| Jan 19, 2001 | F0 | 2.3 | 4 | 0 |
| Mar 19, 2000 | F0 | 0.4 | 0 | 0 |
| Mar 19, 2000 | F1 | 3.3 | 0 | 0 |
| Feb 13, 2000 | F0 | 3.0 | 0 | 0 |
| Feb 13, 2000 | F1 | 11.4 | 0 | 0 |
| Jan 9, 2000 | F0 | 0.1 | 1 | 0 |
| Mar 18, 1996 | F2 | 19.0 | 2 | 0 |
| Mar 6, 1996 | F2 | 4.0 | 17 | 2 |
| Mar 6, 1996 | F1 | 1.5 | 0 | 0 |
| Mar 6, 1996 | F1 | 1.5 | 0 | 0 |
| Mar 6, 1996 | F1 | 1.0 | 0 | 0 |
| Aug 27, 1992 | F1 | 5.0 | 1 | 0 |
| Aug 27, 1992 | F1 | 0.2 | 0 | 0 |
| Nov 26, 1986 | F1 | 5.0 | 2 | 0 |
| May 3, 1984 | F3 | 7.0 | 37 | 5 |
| Apr 22, 1984 | F1 | 0.2 | 0 | 0 |
| Mar 18, 1981 | F1 | 0.4 | 0 | 0 |
| Nov 25, 1979 | F3 | 10.2 | 20 | 0 |
| Jul 11, 1979 | F0 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 |
| Apr 18, 1978 | F1 | 0.7 | 3 | 0 |
| Jan 10, 1975 | F2 | 2.0 | 0 | 0 |
| Apr 18, 1969 | F4 | 52.4 | 14 | 2 |
| Nov 10, 1966 | F2 | 9.3 | 0 | 0 |
| Apr 29, 1963 | F2 | 9.8 | 0 | 0 |
| Feb 27, 1958 | F1 | 12.9 | 0 | 0 |
| Jun 28, 1957 | F0 | 8.9 | 0 | 0 |
| Jun 28, 1957 | F1 | 22.3 | 8 | 0 |
| Jun 28, 1957 | F2 | 12.8 | 0 | 0 |
| Jun 28, 1957 | F0 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 |
| Dec 23, 1956 | F2 | 121.7 | 1 | 0 |
- Injuries and deaths are for the tornado’s whole path, which may extend beyond the county. Deaths recorded within Montgomery County: 9.
- Weak tornadoes were under-recorded before Doppler radar coverage became national in the early 1990s, so earlier decades read low. Ratings use the Fujita scale before February 2007 and the Enhanced Fujita scale after.
Storm Prediction Center severe weather database, 1950 to 2025.
Hurricanes and tropical storms
23 passed within 50 miles since 1851; 2 at hurricane strength.
Strongest within 50 miles
September 23, 1975
Eloise, Category 1
10.2 miles at closest approach, winds near 89 mph.
Most recent
October 29, 2020
Zeta, Tropical storm
59.1 miles at closest approach.
Every storm within 100 miles
| Zeta | 2020 | 59.1 | Tropical storm |
| Michael | 2018 | 92.2 | Category 2 |
| Dennis | 2005 | 85.0 | Tropical storm |
| Ivan | 2004 | 50.4 | Tropical storm |
| Opal | 1995 | 2.8 | Tropical storm |
| Juan | 1985 | 23.6 | Tropical storm |
| Eloise | 1975 | 10.2 | Category 1 |
| Unnamed | 1965 | 49.8 | Tropical storm |
| Hilda | 1964 | 93.5 | Post-tropical |
| Dora | 1964 | 94.2 | Tropical storm |
| Flossy | 1956 | 88.0 | Tropical storm |
| Florence | 1953 | 70.8 | Tropical storm |
| Baker | 1950 | 90.9 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1936 | 69.1 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1932 | 48.3 | Post-tropical |
| Unnamed | 1928 | 20.7 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1917 | 55.3 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1916 | 48.8 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1916 | 51.9 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1915 | 41.4 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1914 | 69.4 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1912 | 26.2 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1907 | 22.4 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1906 | 13.9 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1903 | 0.0 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1902 | 0.0 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1901 | 48.1 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1901 | 90.7 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1898 | 87.0 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1898 | 59.8 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1896 | 48.1 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1893 | 0.0 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1892 | 74.1 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1889 | 30.7 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1887 | 27.7 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1887 | 19.3 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1882 | 39.8 | Category 1 |
| Unnamed | 1881 | 1.1 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1880 | 90.2 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1879 | 59.1 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1877 | 94.0 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1860 | 98.1 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1860 | 41.5 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1859 | 0.0 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1856 | 92.2 | Category 1 |
| Unnamed | 1852 | 0.0 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1851 | 98.5 | Category 2 |
- Tropical storms and hurricanes (34 kt or more, still tropical) at closest approach. Post-tropical remnants with gale-force winds are listed but not counted. Direct: track within 50 miles; near: within 100 miles. Distance is measured to the county boundary for counties and to the city centre for cities, using positions interpolated hourly between HURDAT2 fixes.
National Hurricane Center HURDAT2, 1851 to 2025.
Wildfire and smoke
No large wildfire has been mapped here since satellite mapping began in 1984.
Smoke overhead
Smokiest year
2023: 45 days
Heavy smoke on 4 days in 2025, the most of any year.
Last 10 years
10.6 days a year
Medium or heavy smoke, 2016 to 2025.
2025
8 days
Medium or heavy smoke. 30 so far in 2026.
- A smoke day is a date on which a smoke plume traced by NOAA Hazard Mapping System analysts from satellite imagery covered this place's point (the county's population centre or the city centre). Counts here are of medium or heavy smoke. Since 2018 analysts have often drawn light smoke as one area over most of the continent, so light-smoke counts are not comparable from year to year. The plumes show smoke anywhere in the air above, not air quality at the ground, and smoke hidden by cloud is missed.
NOAA Hazard Mapping System smoke analysis, 2011 to 2026, retrieved October 30, 2026.
Floods and flood insurance
417 federal flood insurance claims since 1978, with $6.7 million paid.
Most claims in one year
2009: 89 claims
$2.5 million paid.
2nd most
1990: 30 claims
$510,000 paid.
3rd most
1979: 27 claims
$347,000 paid.
Claims by ZIP code
| 36111 | 59 | $666,000 |
| 36117 | 58 | $904,000 |
| 36108 | 49 | $757,000 |
| 36116 | 49 | $588,000 |
| 36105 | 47 | $279,000 |
| 36109 | 42 | $666,000 |
| 36104 | 35 | $1.1 million |
| 36106 | 35 | $1.1 million |
| 36110 | 18 | $258,000 |
| 36101 | 9 | $87,000 |
| 36064 | 5 | $161,000 |
Flood events since 1996
- Flash Flood42
- Flood8
- Heavy Rain4
1 death recorded in flood events since 1996.
This product uses the Federal Emergency Management Agency's OpenFEMA API, but is not endorsed by FEMA. The Federal Government or FEMA cannot vouch for the data or analyses derived from these data after the data have been retrieved from the Agency's website(s).
OpenFEMA NFIP Redacted Claims v3, refreshed August 4, 2026. NOAA Storm Events through 2026.
River crests
Most severe crest
April 1, 1886
Alabama River at Montgomery, 59.70 ft
24.70 feet above the 35.0 ft flood stage; major flooding by today’s categories.
Most recent moderate or major crest
February 13, 2024
Catoma Creek near Montgomery, 26.00 ft
Moderate flooding.
River gauges
| Alabama River at Montgomery | 35.0 | 59.70 ft | 8 |
| Catoma Creek near Montgomery | 20.0 | 29.78 ft | 3 |
| Tallapoosa River at Tallapoosa Water Plant | 25.0 | 42.13 ft | 1 |
- Crests are the highest and the recent crests the National Weather Service lists for each river gauge in the county that has a flood stage, not every flood. Flood categories use each gauge's current flood stages; crests from before levees, dams or channel changes may not be comparable. Crests measured on an old datum are left out of the rankings.
NOAA National Water Prediction Service gauge records, retrieved October 30, 2026.
Drought
In severe drought or worse for 90 of 1,581 months since 1895 (6%); the longest spell lasted 12 months.
90
Months in severe drought or worse since 1895
30
Months in extreme drought
6%
Share of all months, severe or worse
70
Drought reports to the Weather Service since 1996
Lowest reading
September 1954
−5.27, extreme drought
Longest severe spell
12 months
June 1954 to May 1955.
Latest month
September 2026
−2.13, moderate drought
Last severe month: April 2026.
- The Palmer Drought Severity Index is computed by NOAA each month from the county's average temperature and precipitation, relative to the county's own climate. Zero is normal; -3 or lower is severe drought and -4 or lower extreme drought. It describes the long-term balance of moisture, not water supply or crop losses.
NOAA NCEI nClimDiv county Palmer Drought Severity Index, 1895 to September 2026, issued October 6, 2026.
Earthquakes
5 earthquakes of magnitude 2.5 or more within 50 miles since 1982; none reached magnitude 4.
0
Magnitude 2.5+ inside the county since 1973
2
Magnitude 3+ within 50 miles since 1973
0
Magnitude 4+ within 50 miles since 1900
0
Magnitude 5+ within 50 miles since 1900
Largest within 50 miles
April 21, 2009
Magnitude 3.4
12 km S of Centreville, Alabama; 47.5 miles away, 7.9 miles deep.
Most recent, magnitude 3 or more
December 22, 2021
Magnitude 3.1
10 km E of Maplesville, Alabama; 31.7 miles away.
- Earthquakes of magnitude 2.5 or more in the USGS Comprehensive Catalog since 1900. Within 50 miles means the epicentre lies within 50 miles of the county boundary (or inside the county).
- Small earthquakes were under-recorded before the modern seismic networks of the 1970s and are still missed in remote areas, so early decades read low. Magnitudes are as the catalogue reports them and mix scales (moment, local and body-wave).
USGS ANSS Comprehensive Earthquake Catalog, 1900 to present, retrieved October 30, 2026.
Severe weather and other events
738 events in the National Weather Service record, 555 of them since 1996.
71
Hail reports, 1 inch or larger
8
Hail, 2 inches or larger
169
Damaging gusts, 58 mph+
8
Winter weather events since 1996
71
Heat events since 1996
37
Cold events since 1996
Largest hail
April 23, 1971
3.00 inches
Strongest measured or estimated gust
June 29, 1994
201 mph
More event types since 1996
| Lightning | 11 | 1 |
Costliest events since 1996
- Sep 16, 2004High Wind, Montgomery$9.0 million
National Weather Service narrative
Hundreds of trees and power lines were snapped off or blown down during Ivan. At least 3300 homes sustained varying degrees of wind damage. Power was not fully restored for at least a week. Maximum wind gusts were estimated around 75 miles an hour. Three women in Montgomery were killed due to carbon monoxide poisoning after Ivan. The women had a generator running in their home because the power was out of service.
- May 7, 2009Flash Flood$1.8 million
National Weather Service narrative
The city of Montgomery experienced extensive flash flooding due to a period of very heavy rainfall. An estimated 10+ inches of rain fell in portions of Montgomery County in about a six hour time frame. The downtown area, including the capitol district, was hit especially hard. At least three feet of water flowed into the basement of the Statehouse building, and state legislators temporarily moved to backup chambers in the old Capitol. Numerous streets downtown were closed, and numerous cars became stranded in the high water. One 67 year old man drowned when his car was swept away by flood waters in Montgomery.
- Mar 6, 1996Tornado$1.5 million
National Weather Service narrative
The fourth in a series of four tornadoes across southern and eastern Montgomery cut a swath of destruction about 4 miles in length in an area just outside the city limits of Montgomery. The tornado began in an open field just south of a small housing development called Ranchette Estates. The tornado travelled on a path toward the northeast moving across the Country Estates Mobile Home Park where two men were killed and a number of others were injured. The tornado continued toward the northeast damaging the Georgia Washington Junior High School. It ended shortly after damaging a number of houses in the Bridlebrook Farms sub-division. About 40 homes were damaged in the Bridlebrook…
- Mar 6, 1996Tornado$1.3 million
National Weather Service narrative
This was the first in a series of tornadoes that caused extensive damage across the southern portion of the city of Montgomery. This short tornado downed trees and power lines and damaged a number of rooftops in the Cloverdale and Normandale sections of Montgomery. The WCOV television tower was toppled by strong wind, too. Wind damage also occurred in the area of the tornado damage.
- Mar 6, 1996Thunderstorm Wind$1.2 million
National Weather Service narrative
Strong wind with the thunderstorm that had already produced three short track tornadoes across southern sections of the city of Montgomery cut a swath of damage that extended to the southeast. Beginning just inside South Boulevard in the vicinity of the Carriage Hills area, the wind damaged the television studio along South Boulevard. Moving through the Carriage Hills area on a southeast path into the Bell Chase area, the wind damaged roofs to homes, businesses, apartments, and schools. The campus of St. James Collier suffered extensive damage.
- Aug 2, 2021Lightning$850,000
National Weather Service narrative
Lightning caused a fire at the Elevate 5050 Apartment Complex. Twelve units were destroyed.
- Mar 6, 1996Tornado$800,000
National Weather Service narrative
This was the third in a series of four tornadoes that occurred across the southern and eastern sections of the city of Montgomery. The tornado occurred in the Woodley Road area of southern Montgomery just inside the South Boulevard by-pass. Trees were downed along with power lines and roof damage was caused to homes and businesses.
- Mar 6, 1996Tornado$700,000
National Weather Service narrative
This was the second in a series of four tornadoes that occurred across the southern and eastern sections of Montgomery. This short track tornado damaged homes and businesses in the Druid Hills/Powelldale area just inside South Boulevard. Strong wind also accompanied the tornado causing some property damage.
- Mar 1, 2007Tornado$650,000
National Weather Service narrative
After crossing into Montgomery County, the Lowndes County tornado continued to move northeastward, affecting the Davenport, Fleta, Ada, and Sprague Communities, as well as the Ridgeland Farm subdivision. The tornado eventually lifted just east of US Highway 231 near the Carters Hill community. Two of the injuries occurred when an automobile was thrown off the road over 300 feet. In all at least 39 homes suffered varying degrees of damage. Three of the homes were completely destroyed. At least 23 out-buildings or barns were damaged. Five large chicken houses were completely obliterated near the Davenport community. One high voltage power transmission line was totally destroyed.…
- Feb 19, 1996Thunderstorm Wind$500,000
National Weather Service narrative
What was believed to be a strong microburst damaged five industrial buildings in the Gunter Industrial Park on the northeast side of the city of Montgomery. Fifteen people in one of the buildings damaged received minor injuries.
- Storm Events records before 1996 cover only tornadoes, thunderstorm wind and hail. Damage figures are as reported by the National Weather Service at the time, not adjusted for inflation.
NOAA NCEI Storm Events Database, 1950 to 2026, issued October 26, 2026.
Weather records
From Montgomery Airport, 10.6 miles from the county’s population centre, with records from 1948.
- All-time high
- 106°F4 times, most recently Aug 14, 2007
- All-time low
- 0°FJan 21, 1985
- Warmest night
- 80°F2 times, most recently Jul 15, 1980
- Coldest day
- 21°FDec 23, 1989
- Wettest day
- 8.72 inSep 26, 1953
- Snowiest day
- 3.8 inMar 13, 1993
- Hottest year
- 2016mean 68.6°F
- Coldest year
- 1976mean 62.4°F
- Wettest year
- 198975.49 in
- Driest year
- 195426.82 in
- Snowiest season
- 6.0 in1976-77
41 of 50 winters had no measurable snow.
Station Montgomery Airport (USW00013895), 217 ft elevation, 10.6 miles from the population centre. Daily records from 1948 to October 26, 2026; 99.9% of days in the last 30 years are complete. Records at a single station can differ from a city’s official threaded record, which may combine several stations.
NOAA NCEI Global Historical Climatology Network Daily.
Federal disaster declarations
24 since 1953. The most recent: Hurricane Helene, September 26, 2024.
| Sep 26, 2024 | Hurricane | EM-3618-AL |
| Sep 14, 2020 | Hurricane | EM-3545-AL |
| Mar 29, 2020 | Biological | DR-4503-AL |
| Mar 13, 2020 | Biological | EM-3472-AL |
| Oct 12, 2018 | Hurricane | EM-3407-AL |
| Oct 8, 2017 | Hurricane | EM-3394-AL |
| Sep 11, 2017 | Hurricane | EM-3389-AL |
| Apr 28, 2011 | Severe Storm | DR-1971-AL |
| Apr 27, 2011 | Severe Storm | EM-3319-AL |
| Jun 3, 2009 | Severe Storm | DR-1842-AL |
| Aug 30, 2008 | Hurricane | EM-3292-AL |
| Mar 3, 2007 | Severe Storm | DR-1687-AL |
| Sep 10, 2005 | Hurricane | EM-3237-AL |
| Jul 10, 2005 | Hurricane | DR-1593-AL |
| Sep 15, 2004 | Hurricane | DR-1549-AL |
| Mar 20, 1996 | Severe Storm | DR-1108-AL |
| Oct 4, 1995 | Hurricane | DR-1070-AL |
| Mar 15, 1993 | Snowstorm | EM-3096-AL |
| Mar 21, 1990 | Severe Storm | DR-861-AL |
| May 11, 1984 | Tornado | EM-3088-AL |
| Apr 18, 1979 | Flood | DR-578-AL |
| Apr 24, 1978 | Tornado | EM-3064-AL |
| Jul 20, 1977 | Drought | EM-3045-AL |
| Mar 14, 1975 | Flood | DR-458-AL |
This product uses the Federal Emergency Management Agency's OpenFEMA API, but is not endorsed by FEMA. The Federal Government or FEMA cannot vouch for the data or analyses derived from these data after the data have been retrieved from the Agency's website(s).
OpenFEMA Disaster Declarations Summaries, retrieved October 30, 2026. Statewide declarations are not listed.
How this compares
Where Montgomery County stands among 67 counties in Alabama and 3,143 in the United States.
| Tornadoes since 1950 | 61 | 11 / 67 |
| Tornadoes rated F3/EF3 or stronger | 3 | 39 / 67 |
| Tropical cyclones within 50 mi | 23 | 21 / 67 |
| Hurricane-strength passes within 50 mi | 2 | 19 / 67 |
| Wildfire acres since 1984 | 0 | — |
| Flood insurance claims | 417 | 7 / 67 |
| Flood insurance paid | $6.7 million | 8 / 67 |
| Disaster declarations | 24 | 37 / 67 |
| Flood events since 1996 | 54 | 19 / 67 |
| Hail and wind events since 1996 | 260 | 36 / 67 |
| Winter storm events since 1996 | 8 | 55 / 67 |
| Reported damage since 1996 | $23.9 million | 30 / 67 |
| River crests at major flood stage | 12 | 5 / 67 |
| High tide flooding days a year, last 10 years | 0.0 | — |
| Months in severe drought since 1895 | 90 | 60 / 67 |
| Medium or heavy smoke days a year, last 10 years | 10.6 | 38 / 67 |
| Earthquakes M4+ within 50 mi since 1900 | 0 | — |
| Earthquakes M2.5+ in the county since 1973 | 0 | — |
Neighbouring counties
| Autauga County | 44 | 18 |
| Bullock County | 27 | 22 |
| Crenshaw County | 31 | 30 |
| Elmore County | 55 | 16 |
| Lowndes County | 26 | 23 |
| Macon County | 31 | 18 |
| Pike County | 53 | 27 |
Sources and vintage
Every number on this page comes from these public records.
- Tornadoes NOAA Storm Prediction Center severe weather database, through 2025.
- Tropical cyclones NOAA National Hurricane Center HURDAT2 (Atlantic; Northeast and Central Pacific), through 2025.
- Wildfire USGS/USFS Monitoring Trends in Burn Severity, through 2026.
- Storm events NOAA NCEI Storm Events Database, through 2026.
- Flood insurance OpenFEMA NFIP Redacted Claims v3, refreshed August 4, 2026.
- Declarations OpenFEMA Disaster Declarations Summaries v2, retrieved October 30, 2026.
- Weather records NOAA NCEI Global Historical Climatology Network Daily, station USW00013895.
- River crests NOAA National Weather Service, National Water Prediction Service river gauges, retrieved October 30, 2026.
- Drought NOAA NCEI nClimDiv county Palmer Drought Severity Index, through September 2026.
- Smoke NOAA NESDIS Hazard Mapping System smoke analysis, retrieved October 30, 2026.
- Earthquakes USGS ANSS Comprehensive Earthquake Catalog (ComCat), retrieved October 30, 2026.
Joins, thresholds and known limits are set out in the methodology. Found an error? Report it. Page built October 30, 2026.