Halifax County
Population 46,534 (2025) 724 sq mi
44 tropical storms and hurricanes have passed within 50 miles of Halifax County since 1851, 6 of them at hurricane strength; the strongest was an unnamed storm in 1878 (Category 2).
Hazard fingerprint Each spoke is this county’s percentile among U.S. counties where that hazard occurs. How it is computed
- Tornado damage paths since 195016
- Tropical cyclone tracks within 100 miles since 1851, wider where stronger87
- Wildfire burn scars since 19842
At a glance
The record for Halifax County in eight numbers. Each links to its section below.
Tropical cyclones within 50 mi
44
35th of 100 in North Carolina
6 at hurricane strength since 1851
DetailsTornadoes since 1950
16
42nd of 100 in North Carolina
About as many as the typical North Carolina county
DetailsAcres burned since 1984
2,867
25th of 100 in North Carolina
2 large fires; the largest was Lynch Road, 2008
DetailsStrongest tornado
F4
November 27, 1988, 83.0 mile path
Strongest tropical cyclone
Cat. 2
Hurricane (unnamed), 1878, 14.3 miles away
Tornadoes
About one every 4.8 years since 1950, one of them rated F3/EF3 or stronger.
Strongest
November 27, 1988
F4, 83.0 mile path
400 yards wide; 4 killed along the whole path.
Most recent
Friday, April 19, 2019
EF1, 16.0 mile path
7 years ago.
Every recorded tornado
| Apr 19, 2019 | EF1 | 16.0 | 0 | 0 |
| Apr 19, 2019 | EF1 | 11.7 | 0 | 0 |
| Apr 15, 2019 | EF0 | 1.0 | 0 | 0 |
| Apr 24, 2014 | EF1 | 1.9 | 0 | 0 |
| Apr 16, 2011 | EF2 | 8.2 | 0 | 0 |
| Mar 4, 2008 | EF0 | 0.7 | 0 | 0 |
| Jun 12, 1995 | F0 | 3.0 | 0 | 0 |
| Jun 20, 1994 | F0 | 0.5 | 0 | 0 |
| Mar 29, 1991 | F1 | 0.5 | 0 | 0 |
| Feb 10, 1990 | F1 | 15.0 | 0 | 0 |
| Nov 27, 1988 | F4 | 83.0 | 154 | 4 |
| Apr 3, 1979 | F2 | 0.8 | 2 | 0 |
| May 28, 1973 | F1 | 24.1 | 0 | 0 |
| Oct 2, 1969 | F2 | 5.6 | 0 | 0 |
| Jul 26, 1961 | F1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 |
| Jul 23, 1952 | F2 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 |
- Injuries and deaths are for the tornado’s whole path, which may extend beyond the county. Deaths recorded within Halifax County: 0.
- Weak tornadoes were under-recorded before Doppler radar coverage became national in the early 1990s, so earlier decades read low. Ratings use the Fujita scale before February 2007 and the Enhanced Fujita scale after.
Storm Prediction Center severe weather database, 1950 to 2025.
Hurricanes and tropical storms
44 passed within 50 miles since 1851; 6 at hurricane strength.
Strongest within 50 miles
October 23, 1878
Unnamed storm, Category 2
14.3 miles at closest approach, winds near 101 mph.
Most recent
September 23, 2023
Ophelia, Tropical storm
0.0 miles at closest approach.
Every storm within 100 miles
| Ophelia | 2023 | 0.0 | Tropical storm |
| Elsa | 2021 | 1.6 | Tropical storm |
| Claudette | 2021 | 23.5 | Tropical storm |
| Zeta | 2020 | 89.9 | Tropical storm |
| Isaias | 2020 | 1.8 | Tropical storm |
| Nestor | 2019 | 2.7 | Post-tropical |
| Michael | 2018 | 3.4 | Post-tropical |
| Hermine | 2016 | 70.4 | Tropical storm |
| Arthur | 2014 | 88.7 | Category 2 |
| Andrea | 2013 | 2.6 | Post-tropical |
| Beryl | 2012 | 99.6 | Remnant low |
| Irene | 2011 | 64.1 | Category 1 |
| Hanna | 2008 | 0.0 | Tropical storm |
| Gabrielle | 2007 | 74.8 | Tropical storm |
| Barry | 2007 | 87.6 | Post-tropical |
| Alberto | 2006 | 35.1 | Post-tropical |
| Charley | 2004 | 30.9 | Tropical storm |
| Isabel | 2003 | 0.6 | Category 1 |
| Kyle | 2002 | 82.8 | Tropical storm |
| Helene | 2000 | 17.5 | Tropical storm |
| Floyd | 1999 | 37.0 | Category 1 |
| Earl | 1998 | 13.5 | Post-tropical |
| Bonnie | 1998 | 60.3 | Tropical storm |
| Danny | 1997 | 2.6 | Tropical storm |
| Josephine | 1996 | 51.0 | Post-tropical |
| Fran | 1996 | 49.8 | Tropical storm |
| Bertha | 1996 | 2.4 | Tropical storm |
| Allison | 1995 | 68.6 | Post-tropical |
| Charley | 1986 | 69.2 | Category 1 |
| Diana | 1984 | 51.6 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1982 | 88.7 | Subtropical storm |
| Dennis | 1981 | 90.1 | Tropical storm |
| Agnes | 1972 | 44.5 | Tropical storm |
| Doria | 1971 | 36.0 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1970 | 90.9 | Tropical storm |
| Alma | 1970 | 0.0 | Tropical storm |
| Doria | 1967 | 64.8 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1965 | 26.9 | Post-tropical |
| Isbell | 1964 | 38.1 | Post-tropical |
| Dora | 1964 | 87.7 | Post-tropical |
| Unnamed | 1963 | 75.7 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1962 | 84.5 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1961 | 36.0 | Tropical storm |
| Donna | 1960 | 64.9 | Category 2 |
| Brenda | 1960 | 16.0 | Tropical storm |
| Cindy | 1959 | 0.0 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1956 | 48.4 | Post-tropical |
| Flossy | 1956 | 47.5 | Post-tropical |
| Ione | 1955 | 46.3 | Category 1 |
| Diane | 1955 | 35.1 | Tropical storm |
| Connie | 1955 | 56.4 | Category 1 |
| Hazel | 1954 | 18.0 | Post-tropical |
| Barbara | 1953 | 73.5 | Category 1 |
| Able | 1952 | 94.8 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1947 | 39.6 | Post-tropical |
| Unnamed | 1946 | 65.1 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1945 | 39.2 | Post-tropical |
| Unnamed | 1945 | 88.9 | Category 1 |
| Unnamed | 1944 | 0.0 | Post-tropical |
| Unnamed | 1944 | 8.5 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1935 | 2.5 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1933 | 69.5 | Category 1 |
| Unnamed | 1929 | 14.3 | Post-tropical |
| Unnamed | 1928 | 0.0 | Post-tropical |
| Unnamed | 1928 | 49.3 | Post-tropical |
| Unnamed | 1925 | 71.4 | Post-tropical |
| Unnamed | 1924 | 8.2 | Post-tropical |
| Unnamed | 1924 | 88.7 | Post-tropical |
| Unnamed | 1918 | 75.7 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1916 | 1.0 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1915 | 89.8 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1913 | 69.2 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1912 | 52.9 | Post-tropical |
| Unnamed | 1908 | 90.7 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1908 | 90.7 | Category 1 |
| Unnamed | 1907 | 43.8 | Post-tropical |
| Unnamed | 1904 | 0.0 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1902 | 67.9 | Post-tropical |
| Unnamed | 1902 | 14.3 | Post-tropical |
| Unnamed | 1901 | 67.5 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1900 | 93.3 | Post-tropical |
| Unnamed | 1899 | 11.4 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1899 | 74.4 | Category 2 |
| Unnamed | 1897 | 79.8 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1896 | 60.7 | Category 1 |
| Unnamed | 1894 | 25.2 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1894 | 78.3 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1893 | 23.9 | Category 1 |
| Unnamed | 1893 | 55.8 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1893 | 89.1 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1893 | 35.7 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1889 | 0.0 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1888 | 59.3 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1888 | 9.6 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1887 | 27.0 | Post-tropical |
| Unnamed | 1886 | 0.0 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1885 | 49.1 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1885 | 75.0 | Category 1 |
| Unnamed | 1883 | 4.2 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1882 | 36.0 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1882 | 26.1 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1881 | 13.8 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1880 | 69.2 | Category 1 |
| Unnamed | 1879 | 64.8 | Category 2 |
| Unnamed | 1878 | 14.3 | Category 2 |
| Unnamed | 1877 | 4.7 | Post-tropical |
| Unnamed | 1876 | 5.7 | Category 1 |
| Unnamed | 1874 | 2.9 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1872 | 10.1 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1867 | 65.6 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1863 | 41.5 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1861 | 76.7 | Category 1 |
| Unnamed | 1861 | 32.1 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1859 | 17.7 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1857 | 55.1 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1856 | 74.7 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1856 | 52.5 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1854 | 5.3 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1852 | 73.0 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1851 | 24.8 | Tropical storm |
- Tropical storms and hurricanes (34 kt or more, still tropical) at closest approach. Post-tropical remnants with gale-force winds are listed but not counted. Direct: track within 50 miles; near: within 100 miles. Distance is measured to the county boundary for counties and to the city centre for cities, using positions interpolated hourly between HURDAT2 fixes.
National Hurricane Center HURDAT2, 1851 to 2025.
Wildfire and smoke
2,867 acres burned in 2 large fires since 1984, equal to 0.6% of the land.
Largest
February 10, 2008
Lynch Road Fire, 1,823 acres
1,823 acres inside Halifax County.
Most recent
February 10, 2008
Lynch Road Fire
1,823 acres in total.
Every large fire
| Lynch Road | 2008 | 1,823 | 1,823 |
| Sycamore Shores | 2008 | 1,043 | 1,045 |
- Large fires mapped by the Monitoring Trends in Burn Severity program since 1984: 1,000 acres or more in the West, 500 or more in the East. Prescribed burns are excluded. Acres here are the part of each perimeter inside this place.
Monitoring Trends in Burn Severity (USGS and U.S. Forest Service), 1984 to 2026.
Smoke overhead
Smokiest year
2023: 44 days
Heavy smoke on 7 days in 2023, the most of any year.
Last 10 years
9.7 days a year
Medium or heavy smoke, 2016 to 2025.
2025
7 days
Medium or heavy smoke. 32 so far in 2026.
- A smoke day is a date on which a smoke plume traced by NOAA Hazard Mapping System analysts from satellite imagery covered this place's point (the county's population centre or the city centre). Counts here are of medium or heavy smoke. Since 2018 analysts have often drawn light smoke as one area over most of the continent, so light-smoke counts are not comparable from year to year. The plumes show smoke anywhere in the air above, not air quality at the ground, and smoke hidden by cloud is missed.
NOAA Hazard Mapping System smoke analysis, 2011 to 2026, retrieved October 30, 2026.
Floods and flood insurance
54 federal flood insurance claims since 1980, with $846,000 paid.
Most claims in one year
1999: 18 claims
$299,000 paid.
2nd most
2012: 9 claims
$175,000 paid.
3rd most
2016: 7 claims
$218,000 paid.
Claims by ZIP code
| 27870 | 41 | $462,000 |
Flood events since 1996
- Flash Flood40
- Heavy Rain7
- Flood2
2 deaths recorded in flood events since 1996.
This product uses the Federal Emergency Management Agency's OpenFEMA API, but is not endorsed by FEMA. The Federal Government or FEMA cannot vouch for the data or analyses derived from these data after the data have been retrieved from the Agency's website(s).
OpenFEMA NFIP Redacted Claims v3, refreshed August 4, 2026. NOAA Storm Events through 2026.
River crests
Most severe crest
August 18, 1940
Roanoke River at Roanoke Rapids, 39.00 ft
30.00 feet above the 9.0 ft flood stage; major flooding by today’s categories.
Most recent moderate or major crest
October 10, 2016
Little Fishing Creek near Ringwood, 24.72 ft
Major flooding.
River gauges
| Chockoyette Creek above Chockoyette Creek at I-95 | 7.0 | — | 0 |
| Little Fishing Creek near Ringwood | 16.0 | 30.80 ft | 2 |
| Roanoke River at Halifax | 47.0 | — | 0 |
| Roanoke River at Roanoke Rapids | 9.0 | 39.00 ft | 8 |
| Roanoke River near Scotland Neck | 28.0 | 37.05 ft | 3 |
- Crests are the highest and the recent crests the National Weather Service lists for each river gauge in the county that has a flood stage, not every flood. Flood categories use each gauge's current flood stages; crests from before levees, dams or channel changes may not be comparable. Crests measured on an old datum are left out of the rankings.
NOAA National Water Prediction Service gauge records, retrieved October 30, 2026.
Drought
In severe drought or worse for 73 of 1,581 months since 1895 (5%); the longest spell lasted 8 months.
73
Months in severe drought or worse since 1895
10
Months in extreme drought
5%
Share of all months, severe or worse
Lowest reading
January 1934
−5.33, extreme drought
Longest severe spell
8 months
September 1930 to April 1931.
Latest month
September 2026
−4.65, extreme drought
- The Palmer Drought Severity Index is computed by NOAA each month from the county's average temperature and precipitation, relative to the county's own climate. Zero is normal; -3 or lower is severe drought and -4 or lower extreme drought. It describes the long-term balance of moisture, not water supply or crop losses.
NOAA NCEI nClimDiv county Palmer Drought Severity Index, 1895 to September 2026, issued October 6, 2026.
Earthquakes
No earthquake of magnitude 2.5 or more is recorded within 50 miles of the county in the USGS catalogue, which begins in 1900.
Severe weather and other events
469 events in the National Weather Service record, 425 of them since 1996.
39
Hail reports, 1 inch or larger
1
Hail, 2 inches or larger
215
Damaging gusts, 58 mph+
56
Winter weather events since 1996
8
Heat events since 1996
2
Cold events since 1996
Largest hail
May 31, 2019
2.50 inches
Strongest measured or estimated gust
June 7, 2003
81 mph
More event types since 1996
| Lightning | 1 | 0 |
Costliest events since 1996
- Oct 9, 2016Flood$73.5 million
National Weather Service narrative
Heavy rainfall of 5 to 8 inches caused widespread flash flooding across the county. Additional heavy rainfall upstream caused moderate flooding along Fishing Creek near Enfield. Flooding damaged approximately 311 structures throughout the county, resulting in $73.5 million in property damage. Numerous streets and roads were reported flooded, with several washouts reported.
- Sep 18, 2003Hurricane (Typhoon), Halifax$1.6 million
National Weather Service narrative
Hurricane Isabel made landfall along the Outer Banks just north of Cape Lookout around 1 pm on September 18, 2003. The eye of the storm tracked northeast passing over eastern Halifax County. Winds gusts to near Hurricane force were recorded over Halifax county. Many locations across the Coastal Plain and even back into the Triangle received wind gusts between 50 to 70 mph late in the afternoon until early evening. Many trees were uprooted falling on vehicles and homes all across the area. One person was killed in Franklin county when their vehicle struck a downed tree. Up to 6 inches of rain fell across Edgecombe, Halifax and Wilson counties resulting in flooding of several roads.
- Apr 16, 2011Tornado$1.2 million
National Weather Service narrative
A tornado touched down southwest of Roanoke Rapids near Rhea Smith Road. At Sam Powell Dam Road a house was shifted off of its foundation. The tornado then entered Roanoke Rapids as an EF1. Numerous hardwood trees were blown down. Numerous cars and homes were damaged at Rosemary Street. As the tornado continued into downtown, an industrial building and Sonic restaurant were damaged. The tornado reached EF2 intensity at this point. The worst damage occurred at 10th Street. In total, 90 structures were damaged. Of those 90, 15 homes and businesses were destroyed. The tornado continued into Northhampton County of the Wakefield WFO warning area.
- Oct 29, 2020Strong Wind, Halifax$1.0 million
National Weather Service narrative
Frequent wind gusts of 40 to 55 mph resulted in scattered to numerous trees and power lines down across Halifax County, including some on homes. Numerous customers lost power in Halifax County as a result of the strong winds.
- Aug 4, 2020Tropical Storm, Halifax$1.0 million
National Weather Service narrative
Frequent wind gusts of 35 to 50 mph resulted in scattered to numerous trees and power lines down across Halifax County, including some on homes. Numerous customers lost power in Halifax County as a result of the tropical storm force winds.
- Aug 25, 2012Flash Flood$500,000
National Weather Service narrative
Eight to twelve inches of rain resulted in flash flood waters of nearly 2 feet deep that flooded more than 80 residences and the evacuation of more than 50 residents. Two roads were washed out along with the force closures of dozens of roads in the Roanoke and Weldon areas, including the closure of Interstate 95 for several hours near mile marker 172.5. No injuries were reported.
- Feb 25, 2015Winter Storm, Halifax$500,000
National Weather Service narrative
Snowfall/sleet amounts of 5 to 7 inches fell across the county. The heavy wet snow caused extensive power outages from falling trees and power lines.
- Sep 6, 2019Tropical Storm, Halifax$500,000
National Weather Service narrative
Frequent wind gusts of 30 to 45 mph resulted in scattered trees and power lines down across Halifax County, including some on homes. Numerous customers lost power in Halifax County as a result of the tropical storm force winds.
- Apr 19, 2019Tornado$350,000
National Weather Service narrative
This is a continuation from the tornado that tracked just east of Dortches in Nash County. The tornado remained on the ground producing intermittent tree damage as it exited Nash County and entered into Halifax County as it passed over Fishing Creek. The tornado lifted roughly a mile into the county just north of Low Ground Road. While tornado damage was not observed north of this point, debris continued to be deposited several miles north of the damage path.
- Jun 7, 2003Thunderstorm Wind$250,000
National Weather Service narrative
Trees were uprooted and 21 homes were damaged. 3 businesses had their roofs ripped off and windows blown out.
- Storm Events records before 1996 cover only tornadoes, thunderstorm wind and hail. Damage figures are as reported by the National Weather Service at the time, not adjusted for inflation.
NOAA NCEI Storm Events Database, 1950 to 2026, issued October 26, 2026.
Weather records
From Roanoke Rapids, 8.1 miles from the county’s population centre, with records from 1972.
- All-time high
- 106°FJun 30, 2012
- All-time low
- −3°F2 times, most recently Jan 22, 1985
- Warmest night
- 84°FJul 22, 1998
- Coldest day
- 15°FJan 20, 1994
- Wettest day
- 11.50 inAug 25, 2012
- Snowiest day
- 9.0 inFeb 18, 1989
- Hottest year
- 1999mean 64.4°F
- Coldest year
- 1976mean 55.5°F
- Wettest year
- 201263.61 in
- Driest year
- 200731.43 in
- Snowiest season
- 17.0 in1988-89
26 of 32 winters had no measurable snow.
Station Roanoke Rapids (USC00317319), 210 ft elevation, 8.1 miles from the population centre. Daily records from 1972 to October 27, 2026; 96.7% of days in the last 30 years are complete. Records at a single station can differ from a city’s official threaded record, which may combine several stations.
NOAA NCEI Global Historical Climatology Network Daily.
Federal disaster declarations
26 since 1953. The most recent: Severe Winter Storm, January 24, 2026.
| Jan 24, 2026 | Winter Storm | EM-3637-NC |
| Sep 26, 2024 | Tropical Storm | EM-3617-NC |
| Aug 6, 2024 | Tropical Storm | EM-3608-NC |
| Oct 1, 2022 | Hurricane | EM-3586-NC |
| Aug 2, 2020 | Hurricane | EM-3534-NC |
| Mar 25, 2020 | Biological | DR-4487-NC |
| Mar 13, 2020 | Biological | EM-3471-NC |
| Sep 3, 2019 | Hurricane | EM-3423-NC |
| Sep 10, 2018 | Hurricane | EM-3401-NC |
| Oct 10, 2016 | Hurricane | DR-4285-NC |
| Oct 7, 2016 | Hurricane | EM-3380-NC |
| Aug 31, 2011 | Hurricane | DR-4019-NC |
| Aug 25, 2011 | Hurricane | EM-3327-NC |
| Apr 19, 2011 | Severe Storm | DR-1969-NC |
| Sep 1, 2010 | Hurricane | EM-3314-NC |
| Sep 14, 2005 | Hurricane | EM-3254-NC |
| Sep 5, 2005 | Hurricane | EM-3222-NC |
| Sep 18, 2003 | Hurricane | DR-1490-NC |
| Dec 12, 2002 | Severe Ice Storm | DR-1448-NC |
| Jan 31, 2000 | Severe Storm | DR-1312-NC |
| Sep 16, 1999 | Hurricane | DR-1292-NC |
| Sep 15, 1999 | Hurricane | EM-3146-NC |
| Sep 6, 1996 | Hurricane | DR-1134-NC |
| Feb 23, 1996 | Snowstorm | DR-1103-NC |
| Jan 13, 1996 | Snowstorm | DR-1087-NC |
| Dec 2, 1988 | Tornado | DR-818-NC |
This product uses the Federal Emergency Management Agency's OpenFEMA API, but is not endorsed by FEMA. The Federal Government or FEMA cannot vouch for the data or analyses derived from these data after the data have been retrieved from the Agency's website(s).
OpenFEMA Disaster Declarations Summaries, retrieved October 30, 2026. Statewide declarations are not listed.
How this compares
Where Halifax County stands among 100 counties in North Carolina and 3,143 in the United States.
| Tornadoes since 1950 | 16 | 42 / 100 |
| Tornadoes rated F3/EF3 or stronger | 1 | 21 / 100 |
| Tropical cyclones within 50 mi | 44 | 35 / 100 |
| Hurricane-strength passes within 50 mi | 6 | 34 / 100 |
| Wildfire acres since 1984 | 2,867 | 25 / 100 |
| Flood insurance claims | 54 | 74 / 100 |
| Flood insurance paid | $846,000 | 75 / 100 |
| Disaster declarations | 26 | 28 / 100 |
| Flood events since 1996 | 49 | 50 / 100 |
| Hail and wind events since 1996 | 295 | 48 / 100 |
| Winter storm events since 1996 | 56 | 49 / 100 |
| Reported damage since 1996 | $82.3 million | 31 / 100 |
| River crests at major flood stage | 13 | 6 / 100 |
| High tide flooding days a year, last 10 years | 0.0 | — |
| Months in severe drought since 1895 | 73 | 89 / 100 |
| Medium or heavy smoke days a year, last 10 years | 9.7 | 24 / 100 |
| Earthquakes M4+ within 50 mi since 1900 | 0 | — |
| Earthquakes M2.5+ in the county since 1973 | 0 | — |
Neighbouring counties
| Bertie County | 31 | 66 |
| Edgecombe County | 16 | 46 |
| Franklin County | 13 | 34 |
| Martin County | 22 | 62 |
| Nash County | 19 | 42 |
| Northampton County | 18 | 44 |
| Warren County | 6 | 33 |
Sources and vintage
Every number on this page comes from these public records.
- Tornadoes NOAA Storm Prediction Center severe weather database, through 2025.
- Tropical cyclones NOAA National Hurricane Center HURDAT2 (Atlantic; Northeast and Central Pacific), through 2025.
- Wildfire USGS/USFS Monitoring Trends in Burn Severity, through 2026.
- Storm events NOAA NCEI Storm Events Database, through 2026.
- Flood insurance OpenFEMA NFIP Redacted Claims v3, refreshed August 4, 2026.
- Declarations OpenFEMA Disaster Declarations Summaries v2, retrieved October 30, 2026.
- Weather records NOAA NCEI Global Historical Climatology Network Daily, station USC00317319.
- River crests NOAA National Weather Service, National Water Prediction Service river gauges, retrieved October 30, 2026.
- Drought NOAA NCEI nClimDiv county Palmer Drought Severity Index, through September 2026.
- Smoke NOAA NESDIS Hazard Mapping System smoke analysis, retrieved October 30, 2026.
- Earthquakes USGS ANSS Comprehensive Earthquake Catalog (ComCat), retrieved October 30, 2026.
Joins, thresholds and known limits are set out in the methodology. Found an error? Report it. Page built October 30, 2026.