Queens County
Population 2,358,182 (2025) 109 sq mi
Property owners in Queens County have filed 14,948 federal flood insurance claims since 1978, 4th most of 62 counties in New York.
Hazard fingerprint Each spoke is this county’s percentile among U.S. counties where that hazard occurs. How it is computed
- Tornado damage paths since 19505
- Tropical cyclone tracks within 100 miles since 1851, wider where stronger47
- Major flood years since 19783
At a glance
The record for Queens County in eight numbers. Each links to its section below.
Tornadoes since 1950
5
43rd of 62 in New York
Fewer than the typical New York county, which has had 8
DetailsStrongest tornado
EF1
September 8, 2012, 4.7 mile path
Strongest tropical cyclone
Cat. 3
Hurricane (unnamed), 1938, 42.1 miles away
Tornadoes
About one every 15 years since 1950, none rated F3/EF3 or stronger.
Strongest
September 8, 2012
EF1, 4.7 mile path
50 yards wide.
Deadliest
September 16, 2010
1 killed, EF1
1 injured along the whole path.
Most recent
Thursday, August 2, 2018
EF0, 0.8 mile path
8 years ago.
Every recorded tornado
| Aug 2, 2018 | EF0 | 0.8 | 0 | 0 |
| Sep 8, 2012 | EF1 | 4.7 | 0 | 0 |
| Aug 28, 2011 | EF0 | 1.0 | 0 | 0 |
| Sep 16, 2010 | EF1 | 4.0 | 1 | 1 |
| Oct 5, 1985 | F1 | 1.5 | 6 | 0 |
- Injuries and deaths are for the tornado’s whole path, which may extend beyond the county. Deaths recorded within Queens County: 1.
- Weak tornadoes were under-recorded before Doppler radar coverage became national in the early 1990s, so earlier decades read low. Ratings use the Fujita scale before February 2007 and the Enhanced Fujita scale after.
Storm Prediction Center severe weather database, 1950 to 2025.
Hurricanes and tropical storms
26 passed within 50 miles since 1851; 6 at hurricane strength, 1 as major hurricanes.
Strongest within 50 miles
September 21, 1938
Unnamed storm, Category 3
42.1 miles at closest approach, winds near 121 mph.
Most recent
September 2, 2021
Ida, Post-tropical
17.9 miles at closest approach.
Every storm within 100 miles
| Ida | 2021 | 17.9 | Post-tropical |
| Elsa | 2021 | 39.1 | Tropical storm |
| Isaias | 2020 | 60.5 | Tropical storm |
| Andrea | 2013 | 40.1 | Post-tropical |
| Sandy | 2012 | 78.0 | Post-tropical |
| Irene | 2011 | 5.0 | Tropical storm |
| Hanna | 2008 | 8.4 | Tropical storm |
| Barry | 2007 | 74.0 | Post-tropical |
| Allison | 2001 | 83.5 | Subtropical storm |
| Floyd | 1999 | 12.3 | Tropical storm |
| Bertha | 1996 | 6.6 | Tropical storm |
| Bob | 1991 | 84.8 | Category 2 |
| Gloria | 1985 | 22.6 | Category 1 |
| Henri | 1985 | 43.7 | Tropical storm |
| Belle | 1976 | 22.3 | Tropical storm |
| Agnes | 1972 | 6.0 | Post-tropical |
| Doria | 1971 | 2.2 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1968 | 22.6 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1961 | 22.5 | Tropical storm |
| Donna | 1960 | 41.1 | Category 2 |
| Brenda | 1960 | 6.7 | Tropical storm |
| Cindy | 1959 | 88.0 | Tropical storm |
| Diane | 1955 | 0.0 | Tropical storm |
| Carol | 1954 | 70.5 | Category 3 |
| Able | 1952 | 38.3 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1949 | 97.5 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1944 | 81.2 | Post-tropical |
| Unnamed | 1944 | 55.6 | Category 2 |
| Unnamed | 1944 | 70.7 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1938 | 42.1 | Category 3 |
| Unnamed | 1934 | 34.1 | Category 1 |
| Unnamed | 1934 | 8.9 | Post-tropical |
| Unnamed | 1929 | 93.6 | Post-tropical |
| Unnamed | 1924 | 13.4 | Post-tropical |
| Unnamed | 1916 | 34.9 | Post-tropical |
| Unnamed | 1915 | 18.1 | Post-tropical |
| Unnamed | 1908 | 66.9 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1907 | 78.8 | Post-tropical |
| Unnamed | 1904 | 39.7 | Post-tropical |
| Unnamed | 1903 | 58.2 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1902 | 36.9 | Post-tropical |
| Unnamed | 1900 | 13.4 | Post-tropical |
| Unnamed | 1899 | 54.3 | Post-tropical |
| Unnamed | 1897 | 39.1 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1894 | 33.5 | Category 1 |
| Unnamed | 1894 | 89.8 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1893 | 50.7 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1893 | 0.0 | Category 1 |
| Unnamed | 1889 | 92.3 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1888 | 85.1 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1888 | 16.2 | Post-tropical |
| Unnamed | 1888 | 33.7 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1882 | 31.6 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1882 | 97.3 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1879 | 67.3 | Category 1 |
| Unnamed | 1878 | 87.8 | Category 1 |
| Unnamed | 1877 | 33.3 | Post-tropical |
| Unnamed | 1874 | 2.0 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1872 | 0.0 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1869 | 87.3 | Category 3 |
| Unnamed | 1866 | 8.5 | Post-tropical |
| Unnamed | 1863 | 14.0 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1861 | 53.3 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1861 | 5.6 | Tropical storm |
| Unnamed | 1858 | 70.2 | Category 1 |
| Unnamed | 1856 | 67.2 | Tropical storm |
- Tropical storms and hurricanes (34 kt or more, still tropical) at closest approach. Post-tropical remnants with gale-force winds are listed but not counted. Direct: track within 50 miles; near: within 100 miles. Distance is measured to the county boundary for counties and to the city centre for cities, using positions interpolated hourly between HURDAT2 fixes.
National Hurricane Center HURDAT2, 1851 to 2025.
Wildfire and smoke
No large wildfire has been mapped here since satellite mapping began in 1984.
Smoke overhead
Smokiest year
2023: 58 days
Heavy smoke on 13 days in 2023, the most of any year.
Last 10 years
15.4 days a year
Medium or heavy smoke, 2016 to 2025.
2025
18 days
Medium or heavy smoke. 22 so far in 2026.
- A smoke day is a date on which a smoke plume traced by NOAA Hazard Mapping System analysts from satellite imagery covered this place's point (the county's population centre or the city centre). Counts here are of medium or heavy smoke. Since 2018 analysts have often drawn light smoke as one area over most of the continent, so light-smoke counts are not comparable from year to year. The plumes show smoke anywhere in the air above, not air quality at the ground, and smoke hidden by cloud is missed.
NOAA Hazard Mapping System smoke analysis, 2011 to 2026, retrieved October 30, 2026.
Floods and flood insurance
14,948 federal flood insurance claims since 1978, with $708 million paid.
Most claims in one year
2012: 7,717 claims
$632 million paid.
2nd most
2011: 1,342 claims
$14.7 million paid.
3rd most
1992: 1,058 claims
$8.5 million paid.
Claims by ZIP code
| 11697 | 2,374 | $161 million |
| 11694 | 2,312 | $157 million |
| 11691 | 2,294 | $84.9 million |
| 11414 | 2,029 | $76.7 million |
| 11692 | 1,631 | $71.9 million |
| 11693 | 1,601 | $94.1 million |
| 11422 | 377 | $7.4 million |
| 11365 | 203 | $1.3 million |
| 11413 | 149 | $1.1 million |
| 11357 | 138 | $1.6 million |
| 11354 | 117 | $4.0 million |
| 11420 | 113 | $468,000 |
| 11355 | 105 | $1.0 million |
| 11101 | 84 | $15.4 million |
| 11363 | 77 | $743,000 |
| 11356 | 74 | $4.9 million |
| 11434 | 73 | $490,000 |
| 11361 | 65 | $276,000 |
| 11375 | 63 | $1.8 million |
| 11358 | 61 | $374,000 |
| 11362 | 59 | $217,000 |
| 55 | $180,000 | |
| 11364 | 51 | $439,000 |
| 11102 | 49 | $2.2 million |
| 11377 | 47 | $2.2 million |
| 11360 | 46 | $365,000 |
| 11435 | 46 | $5.5 million |
| 11379 | 41 | $186,000 |
| 11366 | 40 | $169,000 |
| 11417 | 35 | $81,000 |
| 11374 | 33 | $521,000 |
| 11378 | 33 | $2.2 million |
| 11369 | 31 | $193,000 |
| 11433 | 30 | $661,000 |
| 11432 | 29 | $191,000 |
| 11412 | 23 | $35,000 |
| 11423 | 22 | $313,000 |
| 11367 | 21 | $100,000 |
| 11436 | 20 | $548,000 |
| 11105 | 19 | $351,000 |
| 11385 | 19 | $299,000 |
| 11368 | 17 | $1.0 million |
| 11418 | 17 | $57,000 |
| 11373 | 17 | $105,000 |
| 11411 | 16 | $39,000 |
| 11421 | 15 | $27,000 |
| 11103 | 15 | $137,000 |
| 11106 | 15 | $421,000 |
| 11427 | 13 | $57,000 |
| 11227 | 11 | $6,981 |
| 11372 | 11 | $59,000 |
| 11416 | 9 | $21,000 |
| 11429 | 8 | $50,000 |
| 11104 | 8 | $31,000 |
| 11004 | 8 | $5,175 |
| 11428 | 8 | $30,000 |
| 11370 | 7 | $142,000 |
| 11419 | 7 | $14,000 |
| 11690 | 7 | $946,000 |
| 11426 | 6 | $13,000 |
Flood events since 1996
- Flash Flood155
- Coastal Flood35
- Heavy Rain22
- Flood21
21 deaths recorded in flood events since 1996.
This product uses the Federal Emergency Management Agency's OpenFEMA API, but is not endorsed by FEMA. The Federal Government or FEMA cannot vouch for the data or analyses derived from these data after the data have been retrieved from the Agency's website(s).
OpenFEMA NFIP Redacted Claims v3, refreshed August 4, 2026. NOAA Storm Events through 2026.
River crests
The National Weather Service sets flood stages for 2 gauges here but lists no crests for them.
River gauges
| East Rockaway Inlet at Atlantic Beach (IN MLLW) | 6.2 | — | 0 |
| Jamaica Bay at Rockaway Inlet (IN MLLW) | 7.6 | — | 0 |
- Crests are the highest and the recent crests the National Weather Service lists for each river gauge in the county that has a flood stage, not every flood. Flood categories use each gauge's current flood stages; crests from before levees, dams or channel changes may not be comparable. Crests measured on an old datum are left out of the rankings.
NOAA National Water Prediction Service gauge records, retrieved October 30, 2026.
Drought
In severe drought or worse for 75 of 1,581 months since 1895 (5%); the longest spell lasted 16 months.
75
Months in severe drought or worse since 1895
24
Months in extreme drought
5%
Share of all months, severe or worse
8
Drought reports to the Weather Service since 1996
Lowest reading
August 1966
−5.78, extreme drought
Longest severe spell
16 months
May 1965 to August 1966.
Latest month
September 2026
−1.17, mild drought
Last severe month: July 2026.
- The Palmer Drought Severity Index is computed by NOAA each month from the county's average temperature and precipitation, relative to the county's own climate. Zero is normal; -3 or lower is severe drought and -4 or lower extreme drought. It describes the long-term balance of moisture, not water supply or crop losses.
NOAA NCEI nClimDiv county Palmer Drought Severity Index, 1895 to September 2026, issued October 6, 2026.
Earthquakes and tsunamis
1 earthquake of magnitude 4 or more within 50 miles since 1900; the largest was magnitude 4.8 in 2024.
0
Magnitude 2.5+ inside the county since 1973
10
Magnitude 3+ within 50 miles since 1973
1
Magnitude 4+ within 50 miles since 1900
0
Magnitude 5+ within 50 miles since 1900
Largest within 50 miles
April 5, 2024
Magnitude 4.8
2024 Tewksbury, New Jersey Earthquake; 41.8 miles away, 1.6 miles deep.
Most recent, magnitude 3 or more
August 2, 2025
Magnitude 3.0
0 km W of Little Ferry, New Jersey; 8.2 miles away.
Every earthquake of magnitude 4 or more within 50 miles
| Apr 5, 2024 | 4.8 | 41.8 |
- Earthquakes of magnitude 2.5 or more in the USGS Comprehensive Catalog since 1900. Within 50 miles means the epicentre lies within 50 miles of the county boundary (or inside the county).
- Small earthquakes were under-recorded before the modern seismic networks of the 1970s and are still missed in remote areas, so early decades read low. Magnitudes are as the catalogue reports them and mix scales (moment, local and body-wave).
USGS ANSS Comprehensive Earthquake Catalog, 1900 to present, retrieved October 30, 2026.
Tsunamis
On record
1 tsunami
Since 1895.
| Sep 1, 1895 | High Bridge, NJ, M4.3 | — | 0 |
- Places where NOAA's Global Historical Tsunami Database records a tsunami's water arriving, with the greatest height it reached above sea level at the time. Only tsunamis NOAA rates probable or definite are counted. Heights from eyewitness accounts and tide gauges are mixed, and older events are less completely recorded.
NOAA NCEI/WDS Global Historical Tsunami Database, retrieved October 30, 2026.
Severe weather and other events
759 events in the National Weather Service record, 730 of them since 1996.
14
Hail reports, 1 inch or larger
2
Hail, 2 inches or larger
141
Damaging gusts, 58 mph+
127
Winter weather events since 1996
27
Heat events since 1996
5
Cold events since 1996
Largest hail
August 1, 2011
2.75 inches
Strongest measured or estimated gust
September 16, 2010
125 mph
More event types since 1996
| Rip currents | 18 | 23 |
| High surf and sneaker waves | 1 | 1 |
| Storm surge and tide | 5 | 0 |
| Lightning | 9 | 0 |
| Dense fog and smoke | 8 | 0 |
Costliest events since 1996
- Sep 1, 2021Flash Flood$60.0 million
National Weather Service narrative
Flash flooding resulted in an estimated $60 million in damages across Queens, and an estimated $300 million city-wide. This estimate only includes FEMA and SBA fund requests.
- Sep 16, 2010Tornado$17.2 million
National Weather Service narrative
A National Weather Service Storm Survey Team confirmed a tornado in Queens.||The tornado impacted Flushing and Bayside. In Flushing, on Browne Street between Roosevelt and 38th Avenues, the third floor of a residential brick building was severely damaged structurally. Large tree tops were lying on top of buildings and shot like projectiles between buildings. Sides of houses were peeled back. There was clear evidence of twisted metal along the side of the building. On Warren Street near the intersection of Roosevelt Avenue, a steel framed water tower was blown over on the roof. There was a partial roof collapse on another residential building.||A Pennsylvania woman was killed in…
- Oct 19, 1996Flash Flood$3.6 million
National Weather Service narrative
On Friday October 18th, a strong low pressure system developed on a cold front over the DelMarVa Peninsula. With a high pressure system in place across Northern New England, the low slowly intensified and moved slowly off the Southern New Jersey Coast during Saturday October 19th.The increasing difference in pressures caused strong and gusty east winds, which also transported abundant moisture from the Atlantic Ocean across the region. Heavy flood producing rains along with minor to major coastal flooding occurred.Rain began during the early morning on the 19th and ended shortly after midnight on the 20th. Three to five inches of rain fell, with isolated higher amounts.Heavy rain…
- Oct 19, 1996Coastal Flood, Queens$3.0 million
National Weather Service narrative
On Friday October 18th, a strong low pressure system developed on a cold front over the DelMarVa Peninsula. With a high pressure system in place across Northern New England, the low intensified and moved slowly off the Southern New Jersey Coast on Saturday, the 19th.East winds developed across the region during the 18th. As the difference in pressure systems increased, east winds also increased. Over the sea, sustained wind speeds reached gale force (34 knots) Friday night and continued through Saturday. Strong east winds blowing over a long distance caused tides to average 3 to 6 feet above normal. Tide anomalies were 5.49 feet above normal at Willets Point at 5 pm and 3.62 feet…
- Oct 29, 2012High Wind, Northern Queens$1.0 million
National Weather Service narrative
A wind gust up to 79 mph was reported near Jackson Heights at 802 pm. In addition, a wind gust up to 74 mph was measured at LaGuardia Airport at 655 pm. In Flatbush, a 30 year old male was killed when a tree fell onto his house.
- Dec 24, 2014Dense Fog, Northern Queens$1.0 million
National Weather Service narrative
Dense fog with visibilities 1/4 mile or less developed and impacted travel at LaGuardia Airport.
- Dec 24, 2014Dense Fog, Southern Queens$1.0 million
National Weather Service narrative
Dense fog with visibilities 1/4 mile or less developed and impacted travel at JFK International Airport.
- Oct 29, 2012High Wind, Southern Queens$1.0 million
National Weather Service narrative
A wind gust up to 85 mph was reported at JFK International Airport at 802 PM. Wind gusts up to 78 MPH were reported at Breezy Point at 830 PM.
- Mar 2, 2018High Wind, Southern Queens$500,000
National Weather Service narrative
At 1228 and 1232 pm, the ASOS at JFK International Airport measured a wind gust to 63 mph. Sustained winds of 48 mph were observed at 1235 pm at JFK. Around 2 pm, the public reported a tree down on multiple cars on Homeland Street in Jamaica Estates. At 349 pm in Jamaica, a tree fell onto a car at CUNY York Campus resulting in an injury per the broadcast media. The ASOS at JFK International airport measured a wind gust to 64 mph at 440 pm. Then, a gust to 67 mph was measured at 527 pm at JFK. Per social media, trees and power lines were downed at 935 pm in Jamaica on Tudor Road near surrey Place.
- Jan 3, 1999Flash Flood$500,000
National Weather Service narrative
With cold air in place along the surface, as a strong low pressure system moved northeast across the Great Lakes, a second low formed over the Mid-Atlantic States and moved northeast across Long Island during Sunday afternoon, January 3rd.A light intermittent mix of sleet and freezing rain began just after midnight on Sunday. As an icy coating developed on road surfaces below freezing, some significant traffic accidents occurred across the region from midnight through 3 am.However, as southeast winds increased, gusting from 45 to 50 mph, surface temperatures quickly rose above freezing from the immediate coast west during the night. An intense narrow band of torrential rain…
- Storm Events records before 1996 cover only tornadoes, thunderstorm wind and hail. Damage figures are as reported by the National Weather Service at the time, not adjusted for inflation.
NOAA NCEI Storm Events Database, 1950 to 2026, issued October 26, 2026.
Weather records
From Laguardia Airport, 4.7 miles from the county’s population centre, with records from 1939.
- All-time high
- 107°FJul 3, 1966
- All-time low
- −7°FFeb 15, 1943
- Warmest night
- 86°F3 times, most recently Jul 19, 2013
- Coldest day
- 8°FJan 21, 1985
- Wettest day
- 6.80 inSep 1, 2021
- Snowiest day
- 27.9 inJan 23, 2016
- Hottest year
- 2016mean 58.7°F
- Coldest year
- 1940mean 51.5°F
- Wettest year
- 201165.34 in
- Driest year
- 196522.17 in
- Snowiest season
- 77.9 in1995-96
Median first snow
December 12
Earliest: October 26, 1962
Median last snow
March 18
Latest: April 16, 2014
0 of 86 winters had no measurable snow.
Station Laguardia Airport (USW00014732), 10 ft elevation, 4.7 miles from the population centre. Daily records from 1939 to October 26, 2026; 100.0% of days in the last 30 years are complete. Records at a single station can differ from a city’s official threaded record, which may combine several stations.
NOAA NCEI Global Historical Climatology Network Daily.
Federal disaster declarations
25 since 1953. The most recent: Remnants of Hurricane Ida, September 5, 2021.
| Sep 5, 2021 | Hurricane | DR-4615-NY |
| Sep 2, 2021 | Hurricane | EM-3572-NY |
| Aug 22, 2021 | Hurricane | EM-3565-NY |
| Oct 2, 2020 | Hurricane | DR-4567-NY |
| Mar 20, 2020 | Biological | DR-4480-NY |
| Mar 13, 2020 | Biological | EM-3434-NY |
| Oct 30, 2012 | Hurricane | DR-4085-NY |
| Oct 28, 2012 | Hurricane | EM-3351-NY |
| Aug 31, 2011 | Hurricane | DR-4020-NY |
| Aug 26, 2011 | Hurricane | EM-3328-NY |
| Feb 18, 2011 | Severe Storm | DR-1957-NY |
| Oct 14, 2010 | Tornado | DR-1943-NY |
| Aug 31, 2007 | Severe Storm | DR-1724-NY |
| Sep 30, 2005 | Hurricane | EM-3262-NY |
| Aug 3, 2004 | Severe Storm | DR-1534-NY |
| Aug 23, 2003 | Other | EM-3186-NY |
| Mar 27, 2003 | Snowstorm | EM-3184-NY |
| Sep 11, 2001 | Fire | DR-1391-NY |
| Oct 11, 2000 | Other | EM-3155-NY |
| Jan 12, 1996 | Snowstorm | DR-1083-NY |
| Mar 17, 1993 | Snowstorm | EM-3107-NY |
| Apr 17, 1984 | Flood | DR-702-NY |
| Oct 2, 1975 | Flood | DR-487-NY |
| Sep 13, 1971 | Flood | DR-311-NY |
| Aug 18, 1965 | Drought | DR-204-NY |
This product uses the Federal Emergency Management Agency's OpenFEMA API, but is not endorsed by FEMA. The Federal Government or FEMA cannot vouch for the data or analyses derived from these data after the data have been retrieved from the Agency's website(s).
OpenFEMA Disaster Declarations Summaries, retrieved October 30, 2026. Statewide declarations are not listed.
How this compares
Where Queens County stands among 62 counties in New York and 3,143 in the United States.
| Tornadoes since 1950 | 5 | 43 / 62 |
| Tornadoes rated F3/EF3 or stronger | 0 | — |
| Tropical cyclones within 50 mi | 26 | 3 / 62 |
| Hurricane-strength passes within 50 mi | 6 | 3 / 62 |
| Wildfire acres since 1984 | 0 | — |
| Flood insurance claims | 14,948 | 4 / 62 |
| Flood insurance paid | $708 million | 3 / 62 |
| Disaster declarations | 25 | 25 / 62 |
| Flood events since 1996 | 233 | 8 / 62 |
| Hail and wind events since 1996 | 287 | 46 / 62 |
| Winter storm events since 1996 | 127 | 35 / 62 |
| Reported damage since 1996 | $92.4 million | 16 / 62 |
| River crests at major flood stage | 0 | — |
| High tide flooding days a year, last 10 years | 0.0 | — |
| Months in severe drought since 1895 | 75 | 34 / 62 |
| Medium or heavy smoke days a year, last 10 years | 15.4 | 42 / 62 |
| Earthquakes M4+ within 50 mi since 1900 | 1 | 37 / 62 |
| Earthquakes M2.5+ in the county since 1973 | 0 | — |
Neighbouring counties
| Bronx County | 1 | 25 |
| Kings County | 3 | 26 |
| Nassau County | 9 | 28 |
| New York County | 0 | 22 |
Sources and vintage
Every number on this page comes from these public records.
- Tornadoes NOAA Storm Prediction Center severe weather database, through 2025.
- Tropical cyclones NOAA National Hurricane Center HURDAT2 (Atlantic; Northeast and Central Pacific), through 2025.
- Wildfire USGS/USFS Monitoring Trends in Burn Severity, through 2026.
- Storm events NOAA NCEI Storm Events Database, through 2026.
- Flood insurance OpenFEMA NFIP Redacted Claims v3, refreshed August 4, 2026.
- Declarations OpenFEMA Disaster Declarations Summaries v2, retrieved October 30, 2026.
- Weather records NOAA NCEI Global Historical Climatology Network Daily, station USW00014732.
- River crests NOAA National Weather Service, National Water Prediction Service river gauges, retrieved October 30, 2026.
- Drought NOAA NCEI nClimDiv county Palmer Drought Severity Index, through September 2026.
- Smoke NOAA NESDIS Hazard Mapping System smoke analysis, retrieved October 30, 2026.
- Tsunamis NOAA NCEI/WDS Global Historical Tsunami Database.
- Earthquakes USGS ANSS Comprehensive Earthquake Catalog (ComCat), retrieved October 30, 2026.
Joins, thresholds and known limits are set out in the methodology. Found an error? Report it. Page built October 30, 2026.